Humanism in the Renaissance: Defining Traits and Historical Impact

Understanding Humanism: Renaissance Intellectual Movement

Humanism is an intellectual, philological, and philosophical movement closely linked to the European artistic Renaissance. Originating in 15th-century Italy, Humanism advocates for the full development of individuals in all aspects, drawing inspiration from classical Greco-Latin sources, many of which were newly discovered at the time.

Key Factors Fostering Humanism's Rise

• Migration of Byzantine Scholars: As the Eastern Roman Empire faced siege by the Turks, many scholars sought refuge in Western Europe, bringing their knowledge and ancient texts.
• Invention of Printing (1449): Johannes Gutenberg's invention significantly lowered the cost and facilitated the widespread dissemination of books and ideas.
• Action of Patrons: Patrons, individuals with political influence and an appreciation for ancient knowledge, actively supported humanists. Their collector's zeal or financial rewards enabled humanists to settle and publish their works, greatly facilitating the movement's development.
• Establishment of Universities, Schools, and Academies: Universities and schools of the 15th century played a crucial role in the expansion of Humanism throughout Europe.

Core Traits and Values of Humanism

• Anthropocentrism: A focus on human beings as the center of existence, rather than solely on God.
• Restored Faith in Mankind: A renewed belief in human potential, dignity, and capabilities.
• Embrace of Earthly Pleasures: Humanists did not despise fame, wealth, or sensual enjoyment in this world.
• Value of Human Reason: Human reason was highly valued, often in comparison to or alongside faith.
• Artistic Innovation (Perspective): In painting, the use of perspective unified figures with a vanishing point, creating a rational expression hitherto unseen.
• Biographical Models: Biographies of historical figures from antiquity became fashionable and were proposed as models, contrasting with the medieval warrior or courtier. The ideal was a gentleman combining intellect with action.
• Legitimate Desire for Fame: The desire for fame, glory, prestige, and power was seen as legitimate pagan values that rewarded humanity, contrasting with Christian morality that often reduced these to sins when compared with God.
• Acceptance of Wealth and Trade: A departure from medieval views, Humanism did not condemn trade or wealth as inherently sinful, a perspective later echoed by Calvinism's view of prosperity as a sign of divine blessing for diligent work.
• Pacifism: A strong aversion to all forms of war.
• Desire for European Unity: A longing for political and religious unity in Europe, often recognizing the need to separate moral and political life, and eternal from temporal authority.