Human Reproduction: Conception, Childbirth, and Family Planning

Stages of Childbirth

Expulsion (Second Stage of Labor)

The fetus is pushed outward by uterine contractions and by the force exerted by the mother pushing her diaphragm. This stage usually lasts about 15 to 30 minutes. It concludes when the baby is born and takes its first breath.

Placental Delivery (Third Stage of Labor)

Between 5 to 15 minutes after the baby's birth, the placenta is expelled, along with the remaining uterine lining.

Childbirth Complications

Inadequate Dilation of the Cervix and Vagina

To alleviate this problem, the mother may be given the hormone oxytocin, which causes uterine contractions and cervical dilation.

Umbilical Cord Clamping

If the umbilical cord is compressed, the blood flow between the mother and fetus is cut off. If this lack of oxygen to the fetus lasts for more than 5 minutes, it can cause brain damage.

The Journey of Pregnancy: From Fertilization to Birth

Fertilization and Early Development

Fertilization occurs in one of the fallopian tubes. The zygote then reaches the uterus and implants in the endometrium, where the embryo begins to form. During this period, the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac develop.

Fetal Development Milestones

• At three months, the embryo's heart begins to beat, and it is then called a fetus.
• At six months, the fetus has developed its nervous, circulatory, and excretory systems. Sex can often be recognized.
• At nine months, development is complete, and the fetus is ready for birth.

Understanding Infertility

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive children. Its causes can originate in either men or women.

Causes of Infertility in Men

• Production of an insufficient number of sperm.
• Production of immature, low-mobility, or malformed sperm that cannot fertilize the egg.
• Disorders that prevent the passage of sperm, such as inflammation of the vas deferens.

Causes of Infertility in Women

• Obstruction of the fallopian tubes.
• Lack of ovulation due to hormonal imbalances, malnutrition, or other health problems.
• Difficulty with zygote implantation in the endometrium, even if fertilization occurs, leading to the embryo not developing.

Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)

Artificial Insemination

This technique is used when infertility is due to the inability of sperm to fertilize the egg naturally. It involves artificially introducing a man's semen into the woman's uterus at the time of ovulation.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

IVF is employed when women have problems with ovulation or embryo implantation. Women undergoing IVF are subjected to hormone treatment to stimulate the production of several eggs.

Contraception Methods

Natural Methods

• Ogino method (Rhythm method)
• Basal body temperature method
• Cervical mucus observation method

Barrier/Mechanical Methods

• Female condom
• Male condom
• Diaphragm
• Intrauterine Device (IUD)

Chemical Methods

• Spermicides
• Birth control pills

Surgical Methods

• Tubal ligation (for women)
• Vasectomy (for men)

Promoting Sexual Health and Well-being

To maintain good sexual health, consider the following habits:

• Practice good hygiene.
• Use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies.
• Avoid demeaning or disrespectful activities with a partner.
• Seek advice from a trusted adult or healthcare professional.
• Regularly consult your doctor for check-ups and concerns.