Human Memory: Types, Functions & Processes

Memory: The ability to record, store, and recall experiences (information, ideas, images, feelings). It is a major human function resulting from complex connections between neurons. These connections allow humans to process past situations. Memories begin when an efficient neuronal circuit strengthens the synapse.

Basic Principles:
- Encoding: Converting information into a storable and retrievable form.
- Storage: The capacity to retain information over time.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

Types of Memory:
* Sensory Memory: Retains information for 1-2 seconds until processed. For example, a flash of light allows us to be aware of visual sensory memory. We see things instantly, then study the image left behind. The two most important sensory memories are visual and auditory.
* Short-Term Memory (STM): Maintains a limited amount of information for about 30 seconds or less. STM's role in thought is more than just a 'station' between perception and long-term memory. It contains information we are currently thinking about, including information retrieved from long-term memory. Also known as working memory, this includes new and old information.
* Long-Term Memory (LTM): Holds information encoded in terms of sensory characteristics and meaning. Information is learned, encoded, and organized in terms of meaning.
- Episodic memory consists of specific events we have experienced.
- Semantic memory consists of information, concepts, and knowledge (e.g., the sun is a star, humans are mammals).

Summary of Memory Types:
Sensory memory: Large capacity, stores sensory information, very short retention (half a second for visual, half a second for auditory). Information is lost unless processed further.
Short-term memory: Limited capacity, short storage of items (up to 30 seconds). Information is lost through displacement or decay.
Long-term memory: Potentially unlimited capacity, stores organized information and thoughts.