Human Excretory System Functions and Health
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The Excretory System
Human cells produce waste products as a result of cell metabolism. Waste accumulation can be harmful. Waste is released into the blood that carries it to the organs responsible for elimination.
Organs Involved
- Kidneys: Eliminate toxic substances from metabolism through urine.
- Lungs: Expel CO2 derived from cellular respiration.
- Liver: Bile helps to eliminate waste through feces.
- Sweat Glands: Responsible for sweat excretion.
The Urinary System
Kidneys
- Two organs located at the back of the abdomen.
- Involved structures: Renal artery and vein.
- Primary function: Produces urine.
Urinary Tract
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
Kidney Structures
- Renal Artery: Carries blood with waste to each kidney.
- Renal Vein: Carries filtered blood away from the kidneys.
- Urine: Contains waste products.
- Renal Medulla: Inner part, contains renal pyramids.
- Renal Cortex: Outer portion of the kidney. Part of the kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
- Renal Pelvis: Acts as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter.
Nephrons and Urine Formation
Nephron
The basic unit of the kidney. Forms urine (urea, uric acid, water, salts) by filtration and reabsorption. Produces approximately 1.5 liters of urine per day.
Common Diseases
- Cystitis: Bladder wall/urinary tract inflammation due to bacterial infection. Symptoms include pain and a burning sensation when urinating.
- Pyelonephritis: Acute kidney inflammation resulting from bacterial infection spread.
- Renal Colic: Severe pain caused by kidney stones passing through narrow tubes. Stones are made up from waste, often containing calcium.
- Renal Failure: Acute: Kidneys stop filtering, urine flow is low. Chronic: Gradual loss of function as nephrons are damaged or destroyed.
Healthy Habits for the Excretory System
- Drink a Lot of Liquids: Consume 1–2 liters per day for hydration and waste elimination. This reduces the risk of kidney stones.
- Avoid Self-Medication: Use medicines only under professional supervision.
- Eat a Balanced Diet.
- Limit Salt: Eating less salt may help prevent hypertension.
- Good Hygiene in External Genital Area: Washing is important, especially for women, because bacteria can reach the bladder through the urethra, causing infection.