Human Biology: Microorganisms, Diseases, and Reproduction
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Microorganisms and Diseases
Microorganisms and associated diseases:
- Viruses: Common cold
- Bacteria: Pneumonia
- Protozoa: Malaria
- Fungi: Athlete's foot
Infectious Disease Transmission
Methods of infectious disease transmission:
- Waterborne: Cholera
- Vector-borne: Malaria
- Foodborne: Salmonella
- Airborne: Influenza (the flu)
Types of Diseases
Infectious Diseases: Influenza, AIDS, Gonorrhea, Tetanus, Measles, Tuberculosis
Non-Infectious Diseases: Diabetes, Lung cancer, Heart attack, Alzheimer's disease, Arthritis
Infections and Defenses
Infections and the body's defenses:
- Infected wound: Skin
- Intestinal infection: Large intestine
- Respiratory infection: Respiratory tract
- Vaginal infection: Bladder
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Three common sexually transmitted diseases:
- AIDS
- Gonorrhea
- Syphilis
Disease Vectors and Pathogens
| Disease | Pathogenic Agent | Vector |
|---|---|---|
| African Sleeping Sickness | Trypanosomes | Tse tse fly |
| Cholera | Vibrio cholerae | Housefly |
| Amoebic Dysentery | Protozoa | Housefly |
| Malaria | Plasmodium | Anopheles mosquitoes |
Medical Treatments
Treatments for various pathogens:
- Bacteria: Antibiotics
- Viruses: Antivirals
- Fungi: Fungicides
- Parasites (e.g., tapeworms): Antiparasitics
Immunology
Vaccines contain fractionated antigens.
B lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
Reproductive System
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Viral STIs: Herpes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Bacterial STIs: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea
Human Reproduction
Fertilization in humans is internal. Fertilization occurs in the uterus (female reproductive system) when a spermatozoon reaches the ovum. Only one spermatozoon can enter the ovum. The fertilized egg is called an embryo. It divides by mitosis to form a multicellular structure that implants in the wall of the endometrium to form the embryo. After 9 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus.
Stages of Human Development: Adult individuals → Gametes → Fertilization → Pregnancy → Zygote → Morula → Blastula → Implantation → Embryo → Fetus → Dilation of the cervix → Birth.
Reproductive Hormones
| Hormone | Site of Production | Action |
|---|---|---|
| LH | Pituitary gland | Ovulation |
| Progesterone | Corpus luteum | Supports pregnancy |
| FSH | Pituitary gland | Stimulates sperm and egg production |
| Estrogen | Ovary | Development of female secondary sexual characteristics |
| Testosterone | Testicle | Development of male characteristics |
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Difference between in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination: In vitro fertilization is performed outside the woman's body; the sperm is injected into the egg. Artificial insemination is performed inside the woman's body, placing multiple sperm near the egg.
Puberty
Changes during puberty:
Physical changes: Voice deepens, pubic hair grows.
Mental changes: Development of self-sufficient attitudes.
Human Reproductive Anatomy
Male Anatomy
- Scrotum
- Testicle
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Bulbourethral gland
- Seminal vesicle
- Bladder
- Prostate gland
- Urethra
- Corpora cavernosa
Female Anatomy
Clitoris, labia minora, vagina, anus, urethra, fallopian tubes, ovary, endometrium/uterus, cervix, myometrium.