Human Biology: Cell Structures and Body Systems

Laboratory Exam Questions

Cell Functions and Observations

2) Write down the function of the parts that you see in the sample. Intense blue?

• Cell membrane: Separates the inside and outside of the cell, and controls what goes in and what goes out.
• Nucleus: Contains the genetic information and the nucleolus, where ribosomes are produced.
• Cytoplasm: A gel-like fluid where organelles are located.
• Mitochondria: Organelles that break down sugars and produce energy.

Yes.

3) Which part of the cell stains the most?
The cytoplasm.

4) Do you see any organelles? Why?
No, because they are so small.

5) What are the small blue dots in the samples?
Organelles.

Levels of Biological Organization

• Atom: Consists of the atoms of the chemical elements that make up living things. For example, an oxygen atom. The elements in living things are called biochemical elements.
• Molecule: Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds. Example: water molecule. These are called biomolecules.
• Cell: This is the first living level, because it is made up of cells. Example: muscle cells. We are multicellular.
• Tissue: Made of a group of cells of the same type. They work together to carry out one or more functions. Example: muscle cells.
• Organ: Formed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Example: heart.
• System: This group of organs is called a system.
• Organism: Complete systems all work together to make up the body of the organism.

The Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm. It maintains the shape of the cell and is involved in cell movement and cell division. It forms various structures:

• Cilia and flagella
• Centrosome

Human Body Systems and Sensory Organs

The Five Senses

Senses: Ears, skin, nose, tongue, and eyes.

Major Body Systems

• Musculoskeletal system: It carries out motor responses. It includes the skeletal and muscular systems.
• Endocrine system: It carries out the responses that secrete substances through glands.
• Nervous system: It receives information from the receptors and sends responses.
• Reproductive system: Produces the gametes that, after fertilization, will form an embryo. These systems are made up of several internal and external organs.
• Respiratory system: It captures oxygen from the air and eliminates carbon dioxide.
• Digestive system: It obtains nutrients from food and then eliminates the undigested products.
• Circulatory system: It carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and collects waste for elimination.
• Excretory system: It eliminates the waste resulting from chemical reactions in the cells.