Human Anatomy: Planes, Axes, Skeleton, and Muscles

ANNEX I: Structural Elements of Movement

For the study of motion within the mechanical dimension, it is referenced to a series of axes and body planes.

In EF, the plan is a representation of a flat (two-dimensional) image that passes through the body in its anatomical position (in bipedal stance with palms forward). The plans may be classified as:

• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body in an anteroposterior direction along the midline into two equal parts, right and left.
• Frontal Plane: Divides the body in the lateral direction into two parts, the facial and anterior or posterior or dorsal.
• Horizontal or Transverse Plane: Divides the body into two halves, upper or lower or cephalic and caudal.

An axis is defined as an imaginary line that passes through the body and around which movements occur. Axes can be divided into:

• Vertical or Cephalopodal Axis: The longest axis of the body, extending from the head to the center of the bearing surfaces formed by the feet. It is perpendicular to the horizontal or transverse plane. Movements made around this axis are called external rotation and internal rotation.
• Anteroposterior Axis: The midline at right angles to the frontal plane, passing from front to back. Movements around this axis are called abduction (or separation from the midline) and adduction (or towards the body midline).
• Horizontal Axis: Imaginary line through the body from side to side and also perpendicular to the sagittal plane. Movements made on this axis are called flexion and extension.

Price movements in the different body plans and around the corresponding axes.

Priority Action Plan Managers

Plane	Axis	Movements
Sagittal	Transverse	Flexion / Extension (front / rear)
Frontal	Anteroposterior	Abduction / Adduction (separation / approach) (laterally)
Transverse	Vertical or Horizontal	Internal / External Rotation (in / out)

ANNEX II: General Human Anatomy

Human Skeleton

(anterior view)






















Spine

(anterior view)





























Right hand

(Back)
























RIGHT FOOT

(top view)

























Muscles of the human body



Upper Limb: previous view












Upper Limb: rear view
















Body: anterior










Torso: posterior view






Lower limb: anterior








>






Lower Limb: posterior view










Muscles: anterior














Muscles: posterior view