Human Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, Joints, and Posture

Bones

Types:

• Short or cubic (tarsal foot)
• Long (metacarpal, femur)
• Wide or flat (skull, sternum)

Joints

• Synarthrosis (without mobility, cranial sutures)
• Cartilaginous joints (little mobility)
  • Syndesmosis (inferior tibiofibular)
  • Synchondrosis (rib or sternum)
• Synovial (high mobility)
  • Artrodia joint (carpal ligament wrist)
  • Condyloid (biaxial and spherical line radio and carpal bones)
  • Ball and socket joint (multiaxial, spherically shoulder, elbow)
  • Trochlea (hinge ankle, knee)
  • Saddle (thumb)
  • Pivot (trochus radioulnar joint)

Bone Structure

• Vein, nerve, artery, Haversian canal, osteoblasts, lamellae, blood vessels, osteons
• Bone marrow, spongy bone, artery, vein, cortical bone, osteon, periosteum, nerve

Muscle Layers

Types: Smooth, cardiac, skeletal (voluntary/striated)

Layers: Muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments

Vertebral Column Flexion

Muscles of the abdomen: Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, psoas, iliacus

Extension: Quadratus lumborum, transversospinales, longissimus dorsi

Lateral flexion: Quadratus lumborum

Rotation: Oblique

Nape: Splenius, sternocleidomastoid, scalene

Back Discomfort

• Adoption of incorrect positions
• Muscle imbalance (incorrect training)
• Spinal discs wear out and cannot be replaced
• The nucleus pulposus widens, strangling nerve endings in the spinal cord, causing pain

Study and Posture Recommendations

• Studying: Avoid neck flexion and rotation for prolonged periods
• Sitting: Maintain lumbar lordosis and increased thoracic and cervical curvature
• Lifting heavy objects: Keep the object close, do not lift with legs extended, use adequate weight for your load capacity, do not wear a backpack over one shoulder, use a small support when standing
• Sleeping: Use a firm bed, sleep face up with a pillow under your knees, use a low pillow
• Sports: Wear good shoes
• Flexibility and strengthening: Maintain muscle flexibility and strength

Shoulder Anatomy

Shoulder blade, spine, clavicle, acromion, head, humerus, glenoid cavity

Muscles

• Latissimus dorsi: From the 7th dorsal vertebra to the sacrum and inner iliac crest (lumbodorsal aponeurosis), exterior of 3 ribs and inferior angle of the scapula
• Pectoralis major: From the clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages to the external bicipital groove
• Deltoid: From the clavicle in the acromion, spine of the scapula, inserted into the external face of the humerus
• Biceps brachii: From the coracoid process of the scapula, above the glenoid to the bicipital tuberosity of the radius
• Levator scapulae and Rhomboids: Upper border of the scapula to the processes of the cervical vertebrae

Hip Joint

Pelvic girdle, hip bone (pelvis), sacral cotyloid cavities. Joints without mobility (pubic symphysis - unites the innominate, sacroiliac joint)

It is a ball and socket joint (cotyloid, head of the femur). The femur (head, neck, greater and lesser trochanter. The distal epiphysis consists of internal and external condyles, separated by the intercondylar notch)

Hip Movements

• Separation or abduction: Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis muscle, tensor fascia lata
• Approximation or adduction: Pectineus and adductors (major, medius, minor)
• Hip flexion: Iliopsoas, pectineus, gracilis
• Extension: Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
• External rotation: Gluteus maximus, quadratus femoris, piriformis, obturator internus, and superior and inferior gemelli
• Internal rotation: Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, aided by the adductor major