History 201 First Exam Study Guide

History 201 First Exam Study Guide

Study Guide for First Exam which will be on May 20

Below are the key terms and events that could be on the first exam

1st exam possible study guide

Roanoke and Croatoan:

• First English Colony was at Roanoke
• THE COLONISTS AT ROANOKE DISAPPEAR AND THE 

ONLY CLUE AS TO THEIR FATE WAS THE WORD

“CROATOAN” CARVED INTO A TREE

• Big mystery in history, what happened at Roanoke?

Jamestown:

• THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IS ESTABLISHED AT JAMESTOWN IN 1607

BELIEVING THAT THE COLONISTS AT

ROANOKE WERE KILLED BY INDIANS,

• THE COLONISTS AT JAMESTOWN SET

UP THEIR COLONY ON A SWAMPY ISLAND

WHICH WOULD BE EASY TO DEFEND

Nathaniel Bacon:

NATHANIEL BACON, AN ARISTOCRAT who 

LEAD A GROUP OF INDENTURED SERVANTS

AGAINST THE ARISTOCRACY in the late 17th century.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• AT FIRST, VIRGINIANS ARE WARY TO

EMBRACE SLAVERY

• IN 1676, NATHANIEL BACON, AN ARISTOCRAT,

LEADS A GROUP OF INDENTURED SERVANTS

AGAINST THE ARISTOCRACY

• BACON’S REBELLION FAILS, BUT SINCE SO

MANY SERVANTS HAD RUSHED

TO HIS SIDE, IT CONVINCES THE ARISTOCRATS

THAT A NEW FORM OF LABOR IS REQUIRED, AND

THEY WILL NOW TURN TO SLAVERY

Maryland

• GEORGE CALVERT, THE FIRST LORD

OF BALTIMORE, DREAMED OF A COLONY FOR

CATHOLICS

• HIS SON CORNELIUS RECEIVES A CHARTER

FOR A COLONY IN 1632

• FEW CATHOLICS GO TO MARYLAND, AND IT 

HAS A PROTESTANT GOVERNOR BY 1648

John Winthrop

• GOVERNOR JOHN WINTHROP ARRIVES IN 1630

WITH 1,000 COLONISTS

• Famous for his sermon, “THE EYES OF THE WORLD WILL BE ON THIS CITY ON A HILL”

“City on a hill”

• The “City upon a Hill” section of the sermon called “A Model of Christian Charity” was written in 1630 by the Puritan leader John Winthrop while the first group of Puritan emigrants was still onboard their ship, the Arbella, waiting to disembark and create their first settlement in what would become New England.

Roger Williams

• Roger Williams was a Puritan, an English Reformed theologian, and later a Reformed Baptist, who was an early proponent of religious freedom, separation of church and state, and the Free Will Baptist movement.

• IN MASSACHUSETTS, ROGER WILLIAMS WANTS

COMPLETE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

• WILLIAMS PURCHASES LAND FROM

THE NARRAGANSETT INDIANS

• WILLIAMS OBTAINS A CHARTER 

FROM PARLIAMENT IN 1644

Anne Hutchinson

• ANNE HUTCHINSON BEGINS 

PREACHING IN MASSACHUSETTS

• SHE ATTRACTS LARGE CROWDS AND 

MALE LEADERS SEE HER AS A THREAT

• SHE IS BANISHED AND SEEKS REFUGE

IN RHODE ISLAND 

King Phillip’s War

• KING PHILIP OR METACOMET

BEGINS TO RESIST THE WESTWARD

MOVEMENT OF THE COLONISTS

• HE LEADS A REVOLT KNOWN AS “KING PHILIP’S

WAR”  

William Penn

• KING CHARLES II OWED A LARGE

DEBT TO WILLIAM PENN AND TO

PAY OFF THE DEBT HE GAVE

HIS SON, WILLIAM PENN, THE

COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA

• PENN WAS A QUAKER WHO

BELEIVED IN RELIGIOUS 

TOLERATION

• THE LOWER THREE COLONIES

WILL FORM DELAWARE IN 1703

James Oglethorpe

• GEORGIA IS CREATED IN 1733 THROUGH

THE EFFORTS OF  the humanitarian JAMES OGLETHORPE

• OGLETHORPE WANTS A BUFFER BETWEEN THE

SPANISH IN THE SOUTH AND THE WEALTHY

CAROLINAS IN THE NORTH

• OGLETHORPE WANTS TO POPULATE THIS

COLONY WITH DEBTORS AND THE POOR

• SLAVERY IS AT FIRST BANNED BUT THEN IS ALLOWED

AFTER 1750

Middle Passage

• BY 1808, 11 MILLION AFRICANS WOULD BE 

TAKEN FROM AFRICA AND FORCED INTO SLAVERY 

IN THE COLONIES

• THE JOURNEY ACROSS THE ATLANTIC WAS 

KNOWN AS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

Stono Rebellion(1739)

• BY THE 1730S, WHITES ARE IN THE MINORITY IN 

SOUTH CAROLINA

• SOUTH CAROLINA SLAVES WILL STAGE AN UPRISING 

KNOWN AS THE STONO REBELLION IN 1739

• OVER 100 SLAVES WILL KILL CLOSE TO 50 WHITES

• THE SLAVES WHO REBELLED WERE EXECUTED

Salem Witchcraft Hysteria

• THE MOST FAMOUS EXAMPLE OF WITCHCRAFT HYSTERIA TAKES PALCE IN SALEM IN 1692, BUT THIS WAS NOT THE 

ONLY EXAMPLE

• HYSTERIA PROBABLY WAS A RESULT OF A CHANGING

SOCIETY

• 19 PEOPLE WERE EXECUTED AS WITCh
• Great Awakening

• A DECLINE IN PIETY LED TO THE GREAT AWAKENING WHICH REACHED ITS HIGH POINT IN THE 1730S AND 1740S

• THE MAJORITY OF CONVERTS DURING THE GREAT AWAKENING WERE WOMEN

Jonathan Edwards/ “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

• Jonathan Edwards was a revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian. Like most of the Puritans, he held to the Reformed theology.

• A CRITIC OF THE NEW AND EASY WAYS TO SALVATION

WAS JONATHAN EDWARDS

• EDWARDS BELIEVED THAT ONLY BY RETURNING TO GOD

COULD THE PEOPLE BE SAVED

• Famous for his sermon, “sinners in the hands of an angry god”

• “THERE IS NOTHING THAT KEEPS WICKED MEN AT ANY MOMENT OUT OF HELL, BUT THE MERE PLEASURE OF GOD”

American Revolution

Salutary Neglect

• FOR THE MOST PART, THE COLONIES ARE ALLOWED

TO GOVERN THEMSELVES AND MOST LAWS ARE

IGNORED OR ARE NOT ENFORCED

• EDMUND BURKE CALLED THIS POLICY 

“SALUTARY NEGLECT”

• UNDER SALUTARY NEGLECT, COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES

HAD INCREDIBLE POWER

• Gave the colonist a false sense of independence

French and Indian War

• 
  England Defeats France in the French and Indian War

• Now England has to pay for the war, and English Leaders believe that the colonist should contribute

• THE BRITISH DEBT WAS NOW 133 MILLION POUNDS

Sugar Act 1764

• SUGAR ACT OF 1764 LOWERS TAXES ON

SUGAR BUT INCREASES POWERS OF TAX 

COLLECTORS AND IT DENIES SUSPECTED

SMUGGLERS OF A JURY TRIAL 

• SUGAR ACT GIVES BRTISIH MERCHANTS

TOTAL CONTROL OF THE SUGAR MARKET

Stamp Act 1765

• MUCH MORE CONTROVERSIAL WAS 

THE STAMP ACT OF 1765

• THIS REQUIRED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS

TO HAVE A STAMP THAT WAS BOUGHT FROM

BRITISH AUTHORITIES

• OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP ACT TOOK PLACE

IN ALL 13 COLONIES

• COLONISTS NOW BEGAN SAYING: “NO TAXATION

WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”

• 9 STATES SEND DELEGATES TO A STAMP

ACT CONGRESS

• 9 STATES SEND DELEGATES TO A STAMP

ACT CONGRESS

• DELEGATES SAY THAT COLONISTS HAVE THE SAME

RIGHTS AS ENGLISHMEN, THAT THEY ARE ENTITLED

TO HAVE A TRIAL BY JURY, THAT ONLY THE COLONIAL 

ASSEMBLIES HAD A RIGHT TO TAX THE COLONISTS, 

AND THAT PARLIAMENT COULD NOT TAX THE 

COLONISTS BECAUSE THE COLONISTS HAD NO 

VOTING RIGHTS

Quartering Act 1765

• THE QUARTERING ACT OF 1765 ALLOWS 

BRITISH SOLDIERS TO STAY INSIDE THE 

HOMES OF THE COLONISTS

• NEW YORK REFUSED TO QUARTER BRITISH

SOLDIERS AND BECAUSE OF THIS, PARLIAMENT

SUSPENDED NEW YORK’S ASSEMBLY UNTIL IT

AGREED TO ALLOW SOLDIERS TO STAY IN 

NEW YORK

Boston Massacre

BOSTON BECOMES THE CENTER

OF COLONIAL OPPOSITION LEADING

TO INCREASED NUMBER OF BRITISH

SOLDIERS BEING SENT TO THE CITY

ON MARCH 5, 1770, AN ANGRY MOB 

CONFRONTS A GROUP OF SOLDIERS

AND SHOTS ARE FIRED

THE FIRST PERSON KILLED IN

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

WAS CRISPUS ATTUCKS

Boston Tea Party

TEA ACT OF 1773 WAS IN ESSENCE A BAILOUT

FOR THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY

ENRAGED COLONISTS IN BOSTON,

DRESSED AS INDIANS, DUMPED THE 

TEA INTO BOSTON HARBOR

EAST INDIA COMPANY LOSES $5

MILLION IN THE TEA PARTY

Intolerable Acts

AFTER THE TEA PARTY, PARLIAMENT CLOSES 

THE PORT OF BOSTONAND WEAKENS THE POWER

OF COLONIAL LEGISLATURES

THE QUEBEC ACT (1774) GIVES NEW RIGHTS

TO CATHOLICS

A NEW QUARTERING ACT OF 1774 ALLOWED BRITISH

SOLDIERS TO STAY IN THE HOMES OF COLONISTS

THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ACT (1774) ALLOWED

 ACCUSED ROYAL OFFICIALS TO HAVE THEIR

 TRIALS IN GREAT BRITAIN

COLONISTS DUBBED THESE ACTIONS

THE INTOLERABLE ACTS

Battles of Lexington and Concord 

COLONISTS IN MASSACHUSETTS PREPARED

FOR A CONFRONTATION BY ACQUIRING WEAPONS

BRITISH SOLIDERS LEARN OF THIS AND MARCH 

ON LEXINGTON ON APRIL 19, 1775

THEY ARE OPPOSED BY THE MINUTEMEN

AT LEXINGTON AND THEN AGAIN AT CONCORD

49 CONTINENTALS ARE KILLED ALONG WITH 73

BRITISH SOLDIERS IN THE TWO BATTLES

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD BEGUN

Tom Paine/ Common Sense

IN JANUARY 1776, THOMAS PAINE 

PUBLISHES THE PAMPHLET COMMON

SENSE

PAINE SAID THAT IT WAS SIMPLE COMMON SENSE

FOR THE COLONISTS TO BREAK FROM SUCH A 

CORRUPT GOVERNMENT AS THAT WHICH EXISTED

IN GREAT BRITAIN

Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson

A COMMITTEE OF FIVE IS CREATED TO COMPOSE

A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THOMAS JEFFERSON WRITES A DRAFT AND BLAMES 

KING GEORGE III FOR INSTALLING SLAVERY IN THE 

NEW WORLD

JEFFERSON’S DRAFT IS MODIFIED AND INDEPENDENCE 

IS VOTED ON JULY 2, 1776

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SAY: “IF WE DON’T HANG TOGETHER,

WE WILL ALL HANG SEPARATELY”

Benjamin Franklin /Treaty of Paris (1783)

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN GOES TO FRANCE HOPING

TO WIN ASSISTANCE FROM FRANCE

THE CONTINENTAL VICTORY AT SARATOGA PROMPTS

KING LOUIS XVI TO RECOGNIZE THE COLONISTS AND HE

THEN SIGNS A TREATY OF ALLIANCE IN 1778

George Washington/Trenton and Princeton

WASHINGTON ATTACKS THE HESSIANS AT TRENTON

ON DECEMBER 26, 1776

WASHINGTON ATTACKS THE BRITISH AT PRINCETON

ON JANUARY 3 AND WINS AGAIN

THESE VICTORIES INSTALL NEW CONFIDENCE IN

THE PEOPLE THAT THEY CAN WIN THEIR 

INDEPNDENCE

Francis Marion(“SWAMP FOX”)

MOST OF THE FIGHTING IN SOUTH CAROLINA

IS A GUERILLA WAR BETWEEN MILITIA AND BRITISH

CAVALRY LED BY BANASTRE TARLETON

GENERAL FRANCIS MARION HARASSES

BRITISH TROOPS AND SUPPLY LINES

WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY IS THE

ONLY PART OF SOUTH CAROLINA

THAT DOES NOT FALL TO 

THE BRITISH

Yorktown 

LOYALISTS OR “TORIES” ASSIST THE 

BRITISH IN THE SOUTH

BRITISH DEFEAT THE COLONISTS AT THE BATTLE OF

CAMDEN ON AUGUST 16, 1780

A TORY ARMY IS DEFEATED AT THE BATTLE

OF KING’S MOUNTAIN ON OCTOBER 7, 1780

THE BRITISH WERE THEN DEFEATED AT THE 

BATTLE OF COWPENS ON JANUARY 17, 1781

THE BRITISH RETREAT TO YORKTOWN WHERE THEY ARE

TRAPPED BY GEORGE WASHINGTON AND THEY

SURRENDER A 7,000 MAN ARMY IN 1781

Constitution

republicanism 

The New Type of Government that the colonists were moving towards was republicanism with a small”r”

In a Republican Form of Government, The People were Sovereign and All were equal before the law.

In a Republic, Virtuous Citizens must make sacrifices and place the advancement the republic ahead of their own advancement

In a Republic, The People had to be prepared to defend their republic against corruption because liberty (freedom) was at war with power (capitalism)

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 

Massachusetts State Constitution (1780)/John Adams

John Adams Lead the effort to rewrite the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1780 and the Massachusetts Constitution became the model for other states

This Constitution is written by a convention and the executive is given increased powers

Newburgh Conspiracy 

Disgruntled Army Officers Hatch a plot to have the army march on Philadelphia from its encampment at Newburgh, New York

Washington Learns of the Newburgh conspiracy and stops it

After the Treaty of Paris Washington surrenders his sword to congress.

Impost of 1783

The Government is Nearly Bankrupt in the Early 1780’s

To Raise Revenue Congress Proposes to Enact an Impost of 5% on Imported Goods

Congress Needs to Amend the Articles and this means that every state must agree

Road Island says no and the impost fails even after George Washington Announced his support for it

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Lone Success of the Articles Pertains to Western Lands

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 creates a single territory out of the lands north of the Ohio River and sets up procedures for how territories would become states

The Ordinance Guaranteed Freedom of Religion, a jury trial, and prevents the introduction of slavery

Shays’ Rebellion

States Resort to Taxation after the impost fails

In massachusetts, Angry Farmers led by Capt. Daniel Shays Demand Paper money, Tax Relief, a moratorium on debts, and an end to imprisonment for debt

The Militia is Hesitant at first but it suppresses Shay’s Rebellion and Creditors fear this could be just the beginning

The Rebellion Increases calls to modify the articles

Constitutional Convention 1787

55 delegates, Representing Every State except Rhode Island, Arrive in Philadelphia in May 1787

George Washington was chosen as the president of the convention

Virginia Plan 

James Madison—“Father of the Constitution”  

James Madison and the other Virginia delegates are prepare

Roger Sherman 

The Great Compromise

Three Fifths Compromise 

Federalists

Antifederalists 

The Federalist Papers

Alexander Hamilton

Bill of Rights 

Federalists and Democratic Republicans 

Federalists

• Lead by Alexander Hamilton
• Support a strong central government and loose interpretation of the constitution while the democratic-republicans favor strict construction and states’ rights

Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)

• Lead by Jefferson and madison
• Favor strict construction and states’ rights

George Washington 

Appoints Alexander Hamilton to be Secretary of the Treasury, Thomas Jefferson to be secretary of state, Henry Knox to be Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph to be Attorney General.

Alexander Hamilton 

Assumption of the State debts

Alexander hamilton proposes that the federal government assume the debt that states accrued during the revolution

The federal government was $79 million in debt

Thomas Jefferson  and James Madison are opposed to this

Jefferson and Madison agree to hamilton plan so long as hamilton will allow the new capital to be placed along the potomac river

Jefferson’s agrarian vision 

Thomas Jefferson imagine the future of the nation to be a nation of farmers

A farmer is free because  he continues his own labor and is dependent on no one but himself.

Bank of the United States 

The first Bank 

Hamilton wants to charter a national bank to handle the nations finances

Jefferson and hamilton argue that this is unconstitutional

Washington agrees with hamilton in the end

Whiskey Rebellion 

Hamilton asks congress to levy a tax on whiskey

Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay the tax in 1794

Henry Lee of Virginia Leads 13000 men to crush the Rebellion

Washington has now shown the power of the federal government

Jay Treaty 

Washington sends John Jay to conclude a treaty with great britain

Jay returns with a treaty which is very favorable to the british

The Jay Treaty is approved in the Senate by a Single Vote

John Adams  

Adams Inherits Washington’s Cabinet which was loyal to Hamilton

Adams will not say a Single Word to Vice President Jefferson while He is President

XYZ Affair

Federalist want a war against France but Adams does not

Adams sends American Officials to France to Settle Differences but three French Officials, Known Only as X, Y, Z Refuse to discuss matters until they are paid

Americans are Outraged and this leads to a “QUASI” War being Fought against France

Alien and Sedition Acts 

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 

Election of 1800 

Aaron Burr

Thomas Jefferson 

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”—Thomas Jefferson 

Midnight Judges

Marbury v. Madison 

Louisiana Purchase 

Aaron Burr versus Alexander Hamilton 

Andrew Jackson versus Charles Dickinson 

USS Chesapeake 

Impressment  

Embargo Act 

James Madison  

Battle of Tippecanoe 

War Hawks 

Henry Clay

John C. Calhoun

Election of 1812

DeWitt Clinton 

Andrew Jackson 

Battle of New Orleans

Hartford Convention 

Treaty of Ghent 

Era of Good Feelings

John C. Calhoun

Second Bank of the US

Tariff of 1816 

Compensation Act or “Salary Grab”

Bonus Bill 

James Monroe 

Panic of 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty

Missouri Compromise 

John Marshall as Chief Justice

McCulloch v. Maryland

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Cohens v. Virginia

Gibbons v. Ogden

Monroe Doctrine

Erie Canal

American System of Henry Clay 

Election of 1824—John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson 

 “Bargain and Corruption”

Jacksonian Democracy

Martin Van Buren

“Planters of the South and Plain Republicans of the North”

Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1828)

Election of 1828

South Carolina Exposition

Nullification

John C. Calhoun

Webster Hayne Debate

“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”—Daniel Webster 

Jefferson Birthday Party of 1830

“Our Federal Union, it Must be Preserved”—Andrew Jackson 

“Our Federal Union, next to our Liberty most Dear”—John C. Calhoun 

Eaton Affair 

Kitchen Cabinet 

Indian Removal Act of 1830

“John Marshall Has Made His Decision, Now Let Him Enforce it”—Andrew Jackson 

Treaty of New Echota

Trail of Tears 

Bank War

Andrew Jackson’s Veto Message 

Election of 1832 

Andrew Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation 

Compromise of 1833 

Henry Clay 

King Andrew I

A campaign/ political cartoon that advertised that Andrew Jackson did not care about 

theconstitution or the people. They said that he was just a king stomping on the 

constitution

Nicholas Biddle

Election of 1836

Analyze Era and good feeling

Know 5th and 10th amendments

Analyze Hamilton and Jefferson