Historical Facts in the 16th and 17th Centuries
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Historical facts in the 16th and 17th centuries are linked to long-term processes:
The fight for European hegemony: Habsburgs (Spanish) fought other kingdoms (France, England, and the Netherlands) to defend their position as the leading power. Charles V inherited a huge territory, and his son, Phillip II, was able to expand. They were defeated, and in 1648, France became the new leading power.
The Ottoman expansion: Spanish Habsburgs and the Republic of Venice tried to stop the expansion of the Ottomans all over the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, Austrian Habsburgs tried to do the same in Eastern Europe. Christians battled Muslims in a crusade.
The Reformation and Wars of Religion: In 1517, Martin Luther initiated the Reformation, which changed the dogma and organization of the Christian church in the 16th century. This led to the division of Christians into Catholics (obeying the Pope) and Reformed (adopting Luther's ideas and becoming Lutherans or Calvinists).
Rebellion of the Netherlands (1568-1648).
Religious wars: Reformation wars (1531-1555) and 30 Years' War (1618-1648).