Greek Architecture and Sculpture: Styles and Historical Periods

Greek Architecture: Classical and Hellenistic Periods

Greek architecture is defined by the use of adobe, wood, marble, and stone. Key attributes include the use of lintels, human proportions, and a pursuit of visual harmony.

The Three Architectural Orders

• Doric Order: The building sits on a base divided into tiers. The column is baseless, with a fluted shaft that decreases in size upward. The capital consists of a collar and an abacus. The entablature includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
• Ionic Order: The shaft rests on a base with moldings. The trunk is more slender than the Doric and features vertical grooves. The capital is characterized by two scrolls resting on an abacus that supports the entablature.
• Corinthian Order: Similar to the Ionic, but the capital is decorated with two rows of acanthus leaves.

Historical Evolution of Architecture

Archaic Period

This period utilized both Doric and Ionic styles. Temples were initially built of humble materials. Notable examples include the Temple of Hera (Doric) and the dipteral Ionic temples like the Heraion of Samos.

Classical Period

Representing the peak of Athenian splendor under Pericles, this era saw the reconstruction of the Acropolis after the Persian Wars. Key works include the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike.

Hellenistic Period

Architecture shifted toward luxury and colossal scale. The strict Doric order was largely abandoned in favor of mixing styles, including Corinthian elements and Eastern-inspired palmiform capitals. Urban planning became a primary focus.

Characteristics of Greek Sculpture

Greek sculpture evolved through the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. Key characteristics include the worship of physical beauty, facial expression, movement, volume, the use of bronze, and perfect proportions.

Sculptural Periods

• Archaic Period: Few remains exist, primarily representing athletes. The later stages show progress toward naturalism and the introduction of motion.
• Classicism: Characterized by idealization, balance, and dignity. Renowned sculptors include Myron (Discobolus), Polykleitos (known for his canon of seven heads and the Doryphoros), and Phidias (known for balanced anatomical and expressive achievements).
• Hellenism: Sculpture adopted trends of orientalization, syncretism, and realistic portraiture.