Gothic Art and Architecture: Medieval Style Innovations

Gothic Art: Origins and Characteristics

Gothic Art flourished from the middle of the 12^th century until the 15^th century, and in some places, the 16^th century. This style of Medieval art originated in France, evolving out of the Romanesque style.

Gothic art was strongly criticized in the 15^th century. It was initially criticized by French authors before becoming a recognized form of art, and the terminology became fixed. The word “Gothic” for art is synonymous with “barbaric” and was used pejoratively. Art critics then taught it was undefined and too remote. Gothic was also known as “Opus Modernum.” The term “Gothic” was first coined for architecture.

Gothic Architecture: Lightness and Structural Grace

Gothic architecture moved away from the Romanesque heaviness and solidity towards lightness and grace. Key structural innovations include:

• Compounded Piers

  The downward thrust of the pointed arch and vault is transferred to the slender columns or piers.

  • Pier Vertical: Structural support, a pillar, supporting the end of an arch.
  • Compounded Pier/Cluster Pier: A group or cluster of piers extending the lower stone of the vault.

• Flying Buttresses

  A support that counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. These are arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. They transfer the weight away from the walls, allowing for higher structures and more windows, since the walls do not need to support the weight of the building by themselves (e.g., Notre Dame).

• Stained Glass Window

  A support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault. Arched projections attached to the exterior of the building. They transfer the weight away from the walls and allowing higher structure and more windows since the walls don’t need to support the weight of the building by themselves. (Note: This description is identical to the Flying Buttress definition, highlighting the structural importance of light and height in Gothic design.)

Gothic Sculpture and Realism

Gothic sculpture was closely linked to the architecture, often adapted to the architectural elements. Façades featured sculpted figures of saints and Biblical personages. Interiors often depicted holy figures and people engaged in their daily activities, such as planting.

• Projection and Realism: Gothic sculptures were designed to project outward into space. Figures were clearly identified and easily recognized.
• Style: There was a strong move toward realism, aiming for human figures to look like real people.

Gargoyles

Gargoyles are grotesque flying monsters projecting out from the upper portions of the cathedrals. These frightening and intimidating sculptures, which came into use in the early 13^th century, were often utilized by great Lords and kings who built elaborate fortresses and castles to crush and intimidate the indigenous population.