Global Migration Patterns and Demographic Growth Formulas
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Key Concepts of Human Migration
Migration: Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, usually across a political or geographical boundary. It can be internal or international.
Immigration: This is the process of entering a country to live there permanently or for a long period of time.
Net Migration Rate: This measures the difference between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving (emigrants).
- Formula: Net Migration Rate = (Immigrants - Emigrants) per 1,000 people.
- If the number is positive, the population increases; if it is negative, people are leaving.
Natural Growth: This refers only to the change caused by births and deaths.
- Formula: Natural Growth = Births - Deaths.
- If births exceed deaths = Positive Natural Growth.
- If deaths exceed births = Negative Natural Growth.
Real Growth: Real growth is the total population change, accounting for both natural growth and migration.
- Formula: Real Growth = Natural Growth + Net Migration.
Global Migration History
| Period | Destinations | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 16th - 18th Century | America | Transoceanic travel; primarily by ship. |
| 19th Century | America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India | Travel was difficult and by ship; controlled migrations. |
| 20th - 21st Century | EU, North America, Australia, Japan | Irregular and often dangerous migration across the sea. |
European Migration Trends
| Period | Destination | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 19th Century | North America, Australia, South America | Between 1820 and 1920, 55 million people abandoned Europe due to the Industrial Revolution, the steamboat, and the search for work. |
| 1920 - 1950 | North and South America | During WWI, 7.5 million were forced to move; during WWII, this number rose to 50 million people. |
| 1957 - 1970 | Southern EU, North Africa, Western EU (France, Germany) | High demand for workers; 15 million workers migrated from countries like Spain, Portugal, Italy, or Greece. |
Spanish Migration History
| Period | Destination | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| 19th Century | Latin America | Peasants migrated to improve their economic situation. |
| 1911 - 1929 | Latin America | Spaniards migrated to Cuba, Venezuela, Mexico, or Argentina to work on sugar or coffee plantations. The crisis of 1929 slowed this trend. |
| 1960 - 1975 | Western Europe | European countries needed workers; Spaniards emigrated to find jobs. |