Global Historical and Cultural Concepts

Settler Societies and Racial Terms

• US & Canada: British colonized, predominantly white settler societies.
• Australia & New Zealand: Predominantly white settler societies.
• Argentina & Uruguay: Spanish colonized, predominantly white settler societies.
• Mestizo: "Mixed"; a racial category produced by Europeans and Indigenous peoples.
• Mulatto: Mixed Black and white.

Language Development and Contact

• Creole: A cultural process tracing back to Pidgins.
• Pidgin: A contact language formed when two groups who do not speak the same language come into contact. It mixes elements of both languages, often with the less powerful group providing basic words and the more powerful group providing larger/longer words.
• Lingua Franca: A language taken from one's native dialect used as a means of communication (e.g., Malay because of trade in the Malacca Strait).

The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Sugar

• Blacks in the New World: Connected to the slave trade.
• Sugar cane: Originated in India and was brought to the Mediterranean.
• Portuguese: Moved the sugar trade east to west.
• Madeira: An island off the coast of Africa where sugar plantations were set up. Portuguese inhabitants cultivated their own land, not slaves.
• The sugar business moved to Sao Tome, where slaves were brought for labor.
• The entire system was brought to the New World, specifically to Brazil.

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Key Treaties

• Marked the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
• Treaty of Munster: Between Spain and the Netherlands.
• Treaty of Munster: Between the Holy Roman Empire and France.
• Treaty of Osnabruck: Between the Holy Roman Empire and Sweden.

Profiles of Asian Regions and Nations

South and Southeast Asia

• Indo-Asia: Brahmi Script, vocabulary from Sanskrit and sometimes Pali, Hinduism and Buddhism.
• Tibet: Lamaists, Theocracy, Buddhism, Tibetan language.
• Irrawaddy Valley (Burma/Myanmar): Military regime, Buddhism.
• Chao Phraya River (Thailand): Thai people, constitutional monarchy, Buddhism, Pali and Brahmi script influences.
• Nepal: Constitutional monarchy, influenced by Maoist rebellion, Nepali language, Hindu with some Buddhism.
• Cambodia (Kampuchea): Constitutional Monarchy, Buddhism, Khmer language, history of Communist revolution.
• Malaysia: Constitutional monarchy, Westminster system, power held by the Prime Minister, population includes Chinese, Malays (around 50%), and Indian labor.
• Laos: Communist state, Buddhism, Lao language.
• Naxalites: Communist group associated with the Communist Party of India.
• Bhutan: Constitutional monarchy, led by Tibetans, Buddhism.
• Insular S.E. Asia: All dialects using Bahasa (Sanskrit vocabulary), predominantly Indonesia.
• Java: Democratic, Islam, Javanese language.
• Indonesia: Democratic, Islam, President elected by the Parliament, Suharto was the last dictator.
• Philippines: Democracy, Presidential Republic (PPR likely refers to this), directly elected president, Catholicism, Tagalog/Filipino languages.