Gas Laws, Matter Properties, and States of Matter

Gas Laws

• Boyle's Law: At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. p1 x V1 = p2 x V2
• Charles' Law: At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. V1/T1= V2/T2
• Gay-Lussac's Law: At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. p1/T1 = p2/T2

Definitions

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume. Mass: is a measure of an object's inertia. It is proportional to weight. Weight is a force created by the action of gravity on a substance while mass is a measure of an object's resistance to change in motion. Volume: is a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.

Properties of Matter

We can describe matter by its properties. We can classify them as:

• General properties: common to any kind of matter: mass, volume, temperature
• Characteristic properties: identify a substance: density, boiling point, hardness

Matter: Intensive and Extensive Properties

Physical properties of matter are categorized as either intensive or extensive:

Intensive Properties

Properties that don't depend on the amount of matter:

• Color
• Odor
• Luster - How shiny a substance is.
• Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets.
• Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires.
• Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity.
• Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.
• Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).
• Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume.

Extensive Properties

Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present.

• Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in an object.
• Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object.
• Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.
• Length

Volume of Regular and Irregular Shapes

Regular shapes: Sphere = 4/3 π r³, Cylinder = π r² h, Cube = side³, Rectangular = l x w x h. Irregular shapes: The volume of these objects can be found by water displacement.

States of Matter

• Solids: Definite volume, definite shape, high density, do not easily squashed and do not flow.
• Liquids: Definite volume, the shape of the container, medium density, are not easily squashed and flow easily.
• Gases: No definite volume, the shape of the container, low density, easily squashed and flow easily.