Fundamentals of Geography and Economic Sectors

Geography and Economic Fundamentals

Geography Science Concepts

Geography

Science that studies the shape of the land, rivers, seas, lakes, mountains, cities, countries, etc.

Latitude

Distance between any point on Earth and the Equator.

Meridian

Imaginary lines each passing through the poles and turned the land journey parallels and the equator.

Parallel

Circles on the terrestrial sphere parallel to the equator.

Economic Concepts

Economic Activity

Set of activities done by humans to meet their necessities: produce goods and services.

Market Economy

Prevailing economic system (capitalism).

Subsistence

• Self-employed: People working.
• Working Population: Engaged in manufacturing goods and services.
• Unemployed Population: Those who are unemployed or subject to legislation.

Union

Representation to defend workers' rights.

Economic Sectors

Primary Sector

Procurement, production, food, agriculture, and livestock.

Sub-sector (Transformation)

Transformation of food and raw materials through production processes.

Tertiary Sector

Serving the population: health, education, tourism, etc.

Agricultural Practices

Irrigation

Water is extracted through channels.

Rainfed

Only uses rainwater.

Farming Types

• Monoculture: Specializing in one product.
• Polyculture: Divided into plots; cultivate different species.
• Intensive Farming: Larger amount of product in the smallest space.
• Extensive Farming: Land sites with very little manpower.

Farm Size

• Farm: Agricultural property.
• Latifundium: Wide extension, little available agricultural resources, low wages, low technological level, salaried workforce.

Industry and Energy

Industry

Set of activity necessary to transform raw material into products.

Guild

Group of people who share a trade.

Source of Energy

Necessary for the functioning of energy industries, transport, and domestic use. It is classified into two groups:

Exhaustible Sources

• Renewable: Practically inexhaustible (sun and water).
• Non-renewable: Are in limited quantities (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium).

Economic Classification

• Traditional: Cover much of the country (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, and hydraulic).
• Alternative: Phase of research and development and difficult exploitation (wind and solar).