Fundamentals of Communication, Media, and Grammar

Fundamentals of Audiovisual Media and Communication

Audiovisual media involves storing and disseminating communication information. Social media broadcasts messages to a large number of people.

Characteristics of Mass Communication

• Propagation of unidirectional messages.
• By Channel: Print or electronic.
• For Reception: Visual, auditory, or audiovisual.

Media Combination and Influence

Media utilizes a combination of codes:

• Verbal Code: Words.
• Sound Code: Music and sound.
• Visual Code: Images.

These elements influence our conception of reality and our opinion.

Key Media Characteristics

• Simultaneity: Both in broadcasting and in reception.
• Representation of Reality: Subjectivity is inherent.

The press aims to inform and entertain.

Major Audiovisual Media Types

Radio, television, film, and multimedia.

1. Transmission Way: Listening (radio), visual (book), or audiovisual (film and mass television).
2. Form of Reception: Individual, group, or massive.

Sentence Structure and Classification (Syntax)

The sentence (Oración) is the minimal grammatical unit with full meaning (Subject + Predicate).

Classification of Sentences

1. Attitude of the Speaker:
   • Declarative
   • Interrogative
   • Exclamatory
   • Imperative
   • Wishful
   • Dubitative
2. Syntactic Structure:

   Subject Types

   • Active: The subject performs the action of the verb.
   • Passive Pure: Verb in passive voice + agent complement.
   • Reflexive: Marker "se" + verb in 3rd person; can be transformed into passive pure.

   Predicate Types

   • Attributive: Uses copular verbs (ser, estar, or apparently similar) + attribute.
   • Predicative: Uses non-copular verbs.

   Direct Complement (CD)

   • Transitive: Constructed with a Direct Complement.
   • Intransitive: Constructed without a Direct Complement.

Types of Sentences

• Simple: Subject + Predicate.
• Complex: Subject + Predicate, where some element is developed in the form of a subordinated proposition (substantive, adjective, or adverbial).
• Compound: Two or more sentences.
  • Coordinated: Same syntactic level.
  • Subordinated: Different syntactic level (main and subordinate).
  • Juxtaposed: Bound without ties.

Modes of Discourse and Rhetorical Forms

Narration

Recounts events that happen to characters in spatiotemporal coordinates.

Elements of Narration

• Narrator: Omniscient, witness, or protagonist.
• Action: All facts.
• Setting: Spatiotemporal coordinates.
• Characters: Primary (protagonist/antagonist) and secondary.

Structure can be linear or use flashback. Unity requires consistency between action and environment.

Description

Representing reality in words: naming, locating, and qualifying.

Types of Description

• Person: Portrait, prosopography, ethopoeia, and caricature.
• Places: Topography.
• Processes.

Perspective can be subjective or objective. Technique involves observation, selection, and arrangement of elements.

Exposition

Develops the content of a subject to inform, explain, and disseminate.

Features and Structure

• Features: Clarity, order, and objectivity.
• Structure: Determination of the subject, exposure and development, and conclusion.

Argumentation

Defending a thesis or persuading the receiver by presenting reasons.

Structure of Argumentation

• Theme
• Thesis (or affirmation that forms the starting point)
• Body (develops the argument)
• Conclusion

Dialogue

Interaction between two or more persons to transmit information. It occurs essentially in the theater and acts as a disperser of the present action characters.