Fundamental Research Design and Data Analysis Principles

Research Designs

Non-Experimental Design

In this design, the independent variable cannot be manipulated to produce an effect on the dependent variable. This is because the events have already occurred, or certain variables cannot be altered.

Types of Non-Experimental Design

• Transversal Design

  Gathers information about a problem category at a single point in time, using different groups of cases.

• Longitudinal Design

  Gathers information about a problem category over time, using the same cases at different intervals.

Experimental Design

A design where the independent variable can be manipulated to generate changes in the dependent variable, typically within a controlled situation.

Types of Experimental Design

• Field Research

  Conducted in a real or natural setting where the phenomenon of interest occurs.

• Laboratory Research

  Performed in artificial and strictly controlled situations.

Key Research Concepts

Population

The total set of elements that constitute the object of study, as defined by the research problem or hypothesis.

Sample

A subset of the population whose characteristics are representative of the larger population.

Validity

The extent to which a research instrument or method accurately measures what it is intended to measure.

Reliability

The consistency and stability of results obtained when using a research instrument repeatedly under the same conditions.

Data Processing and Analysis

Data Concentration and Preparation

The process of grouping and organizing raw data for analysis.

Data Coding

A procedure to organize gathered information into categories or classes to facilitate analysis based on its relevance to the research categories.

Content Analysis

A research method for systematically observing and measuring the content of communications produced by people, such as dialogues, speeches, or writings.

Statistical Analysis

The process of applying statistical methods to analyze data, often involving comparing current results with previously collected and systematized data.

Interpretation

To explain or clarify the meaning of findings, providing a deeper understanding of the research results.

Generalization

The ability to extend research findings from a sample to the larger population from which the sample was drawn.

Presenting Research Findings

Conclusion Presentation Points

Four key points for presenting conclusions:

1. Confirmation of the hypothesis.
2. Degree of probability regarding the hypothesis confirmation.
3. Limitations of the conclusions.
4. Relationships between studied aspects of the event and areas for future investigation.

Research Report

A formal document used to communicate the results and findings of a research study.