Fundamental Physics Principles and Laws of Motion

Kinematics and Motion Concepts

• Fri (Instantaneous Speed): The speed a moving body has at a specific point in its trajectory.
• Vm (Average Velocity): The quotient between displacement and the time interval used in traversing it.
• Am (Average Acceleration): The ratio between the variation of velocity experienced by the moving body at a given time interval.
• Ai (Instantaneous Acceleration): The acceleration that a moving body has at a given moment of the journey or at a point in its trajectory.
• Trajectory (Career): The line that connects all the points that the moving body has passed through during its displacement.
• Route Distance (E): The length of the path traveled.
• MCU (Uniform Circular Motion): A movement describing a moving body whose angular velocity has a constant value and its trajectory is a circle.
• Frequency: The number of laps a moving body makes every second.
• Period: The time taken for one complete revolution.
• Vangular (Angular Velocity): The relationship between angular displacement and the time it takes to perform the movement.

Dynamics and Fundamental Laws

• Hooke's Law: The elastic deformation of a body is directly proportional to the force that produces it.
• Contact Forces: These act when there is physical contact between the system and the agent.
• Action-at-a-Distance Forces: Forces made between the system and the agent without contact, acting through space.
• Friction (Frozen): The interaction between two surfaces in contact that opposes slipping one over the other.
• Newton's 1st Law: Every body tends to retain its state of rest or Uniform Rectilinear Motion (MRU) if no force acts on it, or if the sum of the forces acting on it is zero.
• Newton's 2nd Law: The sum of all forces acting on a body will result in a unique acceleration that is directly proportional to the sum of all forces and inversely proportional to the inertial mass of the body.
• Newton's 3rd Law: When a body exerts a force on another (action force), the second responds with a force equal and opposite on the first (reaction force). These two forces are applied to different bodies and occur simultaneously.
• Law of Universal Gravitation: Two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates them.

Fluid Mechanics and Pressure

• Pressure: The quotient of the force exerted on a surface or the applied area.
• Pascal's Principle: Any pressure exerted on the surface of a liquid is transmitted in full and with the same intensity to all points of the fluid (e.g., hydraulic press).
• Archimedes' Principle: If we introduce a body into a fluid, it experiences an upward force called thrust.
• Apparent Weight: This equals the weight of the body within the fluid.
• Torricelli: Calculated the value of atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101,300 Pa).
• Atmospheric Pressure (Patmosferica): Due to the pressure that air exerts on the Earth's crust and the bodies placed within it.