Fundamental Physics Concepts and Scientific Methodology

Physics Concepts

Specific Heat (c.especifico): Amount of heat a substance must absorb.

Hydraulics and Pressure

• Hydraulic Press: Related to Pascal's Principle.
• Pascal's Principle (p.pascal): Pressure exerted on an enclosed liquid.
• Absolute Pressure: Determined by adding gauge and atmospheric pressures (2 components).
• Archimedes' Principle (p.arkimides): Applies to a body immersed in fluid.

Properties of Matter and States

• Cohesion (ke cohesion): Force that holds together the molecules of one substance.
• Hydrostatics (hidrostatica): Studies liquids at rest.
• Gas: Energy greater than kinetic potential energy.
• Liquid Hydrostatics (p. LIKIDO hidrostatika): Introduces all substances and the container walls that contain them.
• Fusion: Transition from solid to liquid.

Thermal Concepts

• Temperature: Measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
• Absolute Zero (ke temperature): Corresponds to -273 °C.
• Dilatation: Increased volume when receiving energy as heat.
• Linear Dilatation: Increased length of a rod.
• Latent Heat of Fusion: Required to melt ice or freeze water.
• Convection: Form of heat propagation.
• Water Anomaly: Expands when water temperature falls from 4 °C to 0 °C.
• Conversion: 1 Joule = 0.24 calories.
• Thermometer: Alcohol thermometer used down to -130 °C.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics: Studying the transformation of heat into work.

Note: Density is represented by 'ke' (ke is not for the 8 is the density).

Scientific Methodology

Foundations of Science

• Research: Process to obtain knowledge (proceso metodológico).
• Science: Body of knowledge consisting of true facts.
• Knowledge Construction: It constructs knowledge through research.

Types of Research

1. Basic Research (i. Basic): Aims to understand the world; relies on theoretical context.
2. Experimental Research (i. komo has experimental): Aims to discover the causes of a phenomenon through the manipulation of variables.
3. Applied Research (i. applied): Aims to solve specific problems.
4. Non-Manipulated Experimental Research (i. non-manipulated experimental): Involves variables that are not manipulated.
5. Quantitative Research (i. .- collect quantitative data populations variables): Collects quantitative data on populations.
6. Qualitative Research (i. Caulitara): Uses descriptive information rather than quantifiable data.

Steps in Research

• Hypothesizing (hypothesizing): Possible causes (Kausar) that explain the phenomenon studied.
• Experimental Design (experimental design): The experimental setup to test the hypothesis.
• Data Analysis and Conclusions (data analysis and conclusions): Conclusions are drawn from graphs and data tables.
• Observation of the Phenomenon (observation of the phenomenon): Describes the process under study.

Logical Methods

• Inductive Method (m. inductive): Moves from specific premises to a general conclusion. Bacon formulated the inductive method. Utilizes direct observation of phenomena.
• Deductive Method (m. deductive): Moves from a general premise to something specific (m.deductivo .- part of truths established for individuals applications).