Fundamental Concepts of Text Classification and English Grammar

Text Classification and Types

Understanding how texts are categorized helps in analyzing their purpose and structure.

Entertainment Texts

These texts are primarily designed for enjoyment and leisure, focusing on engaging the reader rather than conveying critical information.

Informational Texts

An informational text is a type of communication through which the issuer provides the receiver with facts, situations, or circumstances.

Historical Texts

Historical texts recount facts, actions, characters, and past events, generally focusing on those most prominent in their respective time periods.

Persuasive Texts (Advertising)

Advertising involves the dissemination of texts and images that invite the audience to acquire certain commercial products or perform specific actions.

Scientific and Technical Texts

These texts are characterized by high objectivity, achieved by:

• Diluting the importance of the subject.
• Highlighting verifiable facts and data.
• Determining the circumstances surrounding processes.

Literary Texts

The literary text constitutes an act of communication directed toward durability and maintenance. It is addressed not just to a single person but to the entire world, thereby establishing a lasting communication link between the author and the reader.

Journalistic Texts

Journalism serves three main functions:

1. Information: Must be reliable, firsthand, and sufficiently proven.
2. Formation/Opinion: The result of interpreting events, reflecting how the publication processes reality.
3. Entertainment.

Fundamental Grammar Concepts (Parts of Speech)

Nouns

Nouns have gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular [one] or plural [various]).

Examples: tree, fish, book, man.

Articles

The articles are:

• Definite: the
• Indefinite: a, an

Adjectives

The adjective is the word that defines, determines, or indicates some characteristic or quality of the noun.

It must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun it accompanies.

Examples of noun phrases illustrating agreement: rural community, cultural participation, civic harmony.

Verb Conjugation Elements

Verbs are conjugated based on:

• Number: Singular or plural.
• Person: I, you, he, she, we, they.

Pronouns

The pronoun is the word that serves to replace the noun.

Personal Pronouns

These are pronouns that can replace the subject in a sentence: I, you, he, she, we, they.

Demonstrative Pronouns

These indicate a certain relation of distance or location: this, that, these, those.

Demonstrative pronouns stand alone, while demonstrative adjectives modify a noun.

Possessive Pronouns

These indicate possession or ownership: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.