Fundamental Concepts in Physics: Energy, Matter, and Forces

Energy Transformation and Forms

1. Energy a body possesses due to its motion: Kinetic Energy.
2. Energy stored in substances like food, gasoline, and other fuels: Chemical Energy.
3. Energy of position or state (often associated with bodies at rest): Potential Energy.
4. Potential energy is energy that manifests movement through transformation (e.g., falling objects).
5. A primary source of energy (often confused with mechanical energy): Light Energy (Electromagnetic Radiation).
6. This type of energy is used to operate engine heaters: Thermal Energy (Heat).
7. A powerful energy source released from atomic nuclei: Nuclear Energy. (Note: Photosynthesis is a process, not a form of energy transformation into nuclear energy).
8. Processing of oil, gas, or wood by combustion manifests Chemical Energy being converted into heat and light.
9. Energy source for moving vehicles: Chemical Energy (fuel).
10. Energy that allows a hammer drill or pneumatic power drill to break pavement: Kinetic Energy (or Mechanical Energy).
11. Falling water from a dam moves a generator, producing Electricity (conversion from Gravitational Potential Energy).

Properties and States of Matter

1. Dimensional measure of space that a body occupies: Volume.
2. Quantity of matter which comprises a body and can be measured with a scale: Mass.
3. The principle that no two bodies can occupy the same space simultaneously: Impenetrability.
4. The capacity of a solid material to resist changes and recover its original form: Elasticity.
5. The ability of molecules to mix with other gases (often confused with sublimation): Diffusion.
6. The relation between mass and volume: Density.
7. The minimum expression of matter in physics: (Concept missing).
8. The phase change where a substance goes from gas directly to solid without passing through the liquid state: Deposition (or Desublimation). (Note: Sublimation is solid to gas).

Intermolecular Forces and Material Changes

1. Intermolecular force of attraction observed between particles that form a body: Cohesion.
2. Processes in which the original nature of a material is transformed: Chemical Reactions.
3. A membrane or protective liquid barrier formed thanks to the cohesive force of molecules on the surface: Surface Tension.
4. Characteristic property of the material before a change occurs (often related to its initial state).
5. Intermolecular force of attraction between particles that form different bodies: Adhesion.
6. Transformation of a material while retaining its original characteristics: Physical Changes.
7. Materials formed by two or more substances in any proportion, which retain their specific properties: Heterogeneous Mixtures.
8. Technique primarily used for separating minerals (e.g., Flotation or Magnetic Separation).
9. Separation of a heterogeneous liquid-solid mixture (e.g., Decantation or Filtration).
10. The substance present in a lesser proportion in a solution; the substance that dissolves: Solute.

Concepts in Mechanics and Simple Machines

1. Máquinas (Machines)
2. Cuña (Wedge)
3. Dirección (Direction)
4. Resistencia (Resistance/Load)
5. Equilibrio (Equilibrium)
6. Tornillo (Screw)
7. Máquinas (Machines)
8. Fuerza (Force)
9. Palanca (Lever)
10. Sentido (Sense/Direction)