Franco's Spain: Political Structure and Economic Evolution (1939–1975)

Francoism: The Dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939–1975)

Defining Characteristics of the Regime

Francisco Franco’s political regime was a military dictatorship with strong fascist characteristics. The regime was opposed to Communism and democracy. It was based on militarism, conservative Catholicism, and believed in preserving the unity of Spain. Franco was the Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, holding all powers.

Pillars of Support

The dictatorship maintained power through the support of key groups:

• The Wealthy Bourgeoisie: Supported the dictatorship because it suppressed the demands of the worker’s movement.
• The Armed Forces: Many officers enjoyed important public posts within the administration.
• The Catholic Church: Supported the regime because it restored the Church's power and influence in Spanish society.

International Relations and Diplomacy

World War II (WWII)

The Blue Division was sent to help Germany on the Russian front.

Post-War Isolation (1945–1953)

The dictatorship was condemned by the United Nations, and ambassadors were withdrawn, leading to a period of international isolation.

Cold War Alliance and International Recognition (1953)

In the context of the Cold War, anti-communist Franco became an ally of the USA. This agreement provided international support in exchange for military bases in Spain:

• Torrejón
• Zaragoza
• Morón de la Frontera
• Rota

Furthermore, a Concordat was signed with the Holy See.

Economic Policy and Development

Autarky and Crisis (1939–1959)

Spain aimed to be self-sufficient (autarky). The result was a huge crisis, characterized by severe goods shortages, poverty, and rationing.

Developmentalism and Economic Growth (1959 onwards)

The decisions taken by the Falange and the Army during the first stage were replaced by reforms planned by the so-called technocrats of the Opus Dei. These reforms significantly improved the economic situation of the country. Furthermore, incomes from tourism and remittances from emigrants helped economic development (emigrants primarily went to France, Germany, and Switzerland).

Opposition to the Franco Regime

Opposition persisted despite harsh repression:

1. Early Resistance (1940s): There was a harsh persecution of people who had opposed Franco during the war or later. Thousands were jailed or executed, but, in spite of this, an armed guerrilla (the Maquis) resisted in the mountains during the 40s.
2. Organized Opposition (1950s): Opposition was organized from those in exile, including political parties and unions such as the PCE, PSOE, CNT, UGT, and CCOO. Monarchists were also asking for a return to democracy, as were the nationalist parties.
3. Increased Mobilization (1960s): During the 60s, the number of demonstrations and strikes increased despite the repression. Universities became a strong anti-Franco force. Even anti-Francoist groups emerged from within the Church.