Foundations of Modernity: American Colonies, Revolution, and Liberal Thought

Understanding English Settlers in North America

This document provides information on the arrival of English settlers to North America and the subsequent development of the colonies.

Drivers of English Colonization

English colonization was driven by several key factors:

• Economic Development & Trade

  Economic development fostered a greater amount of capital ready to invest in trade.

• Religious Freedom & Opportunity

  Various religious sects saw America as an opportunity to practice their faith freely.

• Population Growth & New Opportunities

  Population growth in England led to widespread unemployment. The new lands of America offered a fresh opportunity for employment.

Colonial Governance and Society

The organization and forms of government in the American colonies were based on English law. The basis of colonial society was formed by diverse groups of European immigrants. Indigenous peoples remained completely outside this society; there was no significant mixing. Many immigrants arrived as indentured servants. Over time, white indentured labor was largely replaced by enslaved Black people from Africa. The Congress of New York approved key points of the Bill of Rights. However, English King George III did not accept some aspects of this declaration, leading to the war that culminated in the independence of the USA.

Early and Later U.S. States

Historically, some of the earliest states established in the U.S. include Virginia, Connecticut, New Jersey, and South Carolina. (Note: 'Colombia' is not typically listed among the original U.S. states.) Among the later states to be created were Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Hawaii.

Significance of the French Revolution

The French Revolution is considered a pivotal historical event because it marked the end of the Ancien Régime structures and ushered in the beginning of the Contemporary Age.

Phases of the French Revolution

The French Revolution unfolded in several key phases, each marked by significant events:

• 1789-1791: Estates General & National Assembly

  Call for the Estates General; the National Assembly develops a constitution.

• 1791-1792: Constitutional Challenges

  Unsuccessful attempts to implement the constitution and hold elections.

• 1792-1795: The First Republic & National Convention

  France becomes a republic; power is vested in the National Convention.

Core Principles of Liberalism

The basic principles of liberalism include:

1. National Sovereignty: Power resides in the people.
2. Separation of Powers: Distinct legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
3. Promulgation of a Constitution: A constitution is a set of laws reflecting the liberties and rights of citizens.
4. Fundamental Freedoms: Inherent rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, conscience, press, and assembly.
5. Natural Rights: Inherent rights of human beings, including the right to property, equality before the law, and tolerance.