Foundational Principles of Communication and Literary Arts

Journalistic Genres and Narrative Forms

The Chronicle

The Chronicle is narrative journalism that informs about current events (politics, sports, society, etc.) and includes elements of analysis or performance evaluation. This style of reporting creates a certain familiarity between the reporter and the reader.

The Report

This genre is a journalistic form that provides extensive information about events not strictly witnessed firsthand, offering views of some participants and deepening the subject matter.

Fundamentals of Sentence Structure and Syntax

The Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is formed of a single subject and a predicate (i.e., one verb).

The Compound Sentence

A compound sentence comprises more than one verb and, therefore, has more than one predicate.

The Proposition

A proposition is simply part of a sentence. According to the relationship between propositions, sentences can be formed by:

• Coordinated propositions
• Juxtaposed propositions
• Subordinate propositions

Coordinated Propositions

These are independent propositions linked by grammatical conjunctions.

Juxtaposed Propositions

These propositions are coordinated but are joined by punctuation marks (indicating breaks) rather than grammatical links.

Subordination

One of the propositions (the subordinate) depends on the other (the main). The link that unites them is a subordinate particle, such as: who, what, where, etc.

Orthography Rules: Consonants and Vowels

Final Word Spelling

After a stressed vowel or tonic diphthong, P, T, or C is written. After an unstressed vowel or consonant, the spelling often follows the same form used in derivatives.

Internal Word Spelling and Prefixes

Specific rules govern internal consonant clusters and prefixes:

• Write P before D in compound words (e.g., CAP-) and in consonant clusters like PC-, CO-, and PT-.
• Write T in groups such as TG-, TJ-, TLL-, TM-, TN-, TX-, and TZ-.
• Write C in groups such as CC-, CS-, CT-, and CZ-.
• Use B in the prefixes AB-, OB-, and SUB-.
• Use D in the prefix AD-.
• Write B before R and M.
• Write A before N and U when alternating words in the same family, and in the completion of the -ava imperfect indicative (first conjugation).

Note: Always write words from other languages according to their established spelling or transliteration rules.

Theatrical Arts: Definition and Elements

The Theater

Theater is a literary genre that uses dialogue as its primary expressive resource and is intended to be represented. It is characterized by dialogue entries (stage directions) provided by the author. Theater is usually divided into acts and scenes.

Essential Elements of the Play

The indispensable elements of the play are:

1. Actors
2. Director
3. Stage
4. Scenery