US Foreign Policy: Powers, Personality, and Strategies
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Congresses Cons. Powers: Treaty Making, Appointment Powers, War Powers, Commerce Powers.
Blunt Foreign Policy Tools: Legislative Power, Budgetary Power, Report to them.
Presidential Personality: 2-Parts to character: Energy & Affect. (Energy: Active or Passive) & (Affect: Positive or Negative).
Pres. Management Style: Competitive (+: Ideas | -: No Collab) Formalistic (+Filter out bad ideas | -: Good Ideas lost) Collegial (+: Many Minds | -: pressure to agree with group under stress 'group think') CEO System (+: President trusts advisers | -: Exclude other voices or surrounded by 'yes-men')
Bureaucracy: State Department, Pres. looks here first when making for. policy decisions. They share info b/n US and foreign gov. (-: recoms' are too predictable, recoms' are insinuative to pres. perspective. Dep. of Def, National Security, Advise of mill. actions. Secretary of Def. Management in defense. Good at presenting military tactics. Intelligence Community, CIA, NSA, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Professionals (+: Raw Intelligence isn't easy to get, especially important information.)
For. Pol. Models: The rational actor model: Goals stated clearly, everything considered, choose option with the highest benefit and the lowest cost. (+: Way a 'rational' person thinks. | -: Goals not clear, doesn't take into account accidents).
Diplomacy: Develop understanding + relationships between countries. 1) Bilateral: 2-countries. Allies, Friends and Adversaries. 2) Multilateral Diplomacy: Multiple Countries (Ex: NATO) 3) Summit Diplomacy: Heads of state meet personally with each other. 4) Shuttle Diplomacy: One neutral party plays 'go-between' between 2-countries. 5) UN diplomacy: Works within United Nations to solve problems 6) Public/Digital Diplomacy: Inform world clearly on US policy.
Sanctions: (Ban on trade) Economics & Political. Work best against friends, (-: Loss of intelligence, Lack of communication, No positive image.
Wars: No Chem. Warfare, No Torture, No targeting civilians, Humane treatment of POW. Windows of opp: Calculate when they can win Windows of Fear: They don't believe they can win. Small Wars: Not necessity, fought over social things. Big Wars: Conventional: Armies, tanks, airplanes VS Nuclear.
Nuclear Strategy: Eisenhower: Retaliation, "We'll Nuke You" Kennedy: Flexible Response, conventional and nuclear. Nixon: We're safer if we're equal. Reagan: US needs star wars technology to intercept missiles. National Missile Defense System: Effective 50% of time. *Only use nukes for: deter attackers, prevent attacks on allies.
Small Wars: US funds more than fights, Humanitarian/Peace keeping operations.
Asymmetric Wars: Basically Proxy Wars.
Small Wars by other means: Covert Actions (CIA) Effort to destabilize foreign government, Propaganda, Spies and what not.
Cyber Warfare: Spy on friends and enemies, protect US information systems.