The Fall of the Spanish Restoration: 1902-1917

The Collapse of the Spanish Restoration (1902-1917)

Political Instability and Weaknesses

In 1902, Alfonso XIII's reign began. Despite inheriting the system established by Cánovas del Castillo, the early 20th century revealed significant weaknesses. The two-party system fragmented, and Alfonso XIII's frequent mistakes and inaction exacerbated the situation. Other factors contributed to the Restoration's decline: persistent caciquismo (local boss rule), growing social unrest, anarchist terrorism, and a lack of trust from the economic elite.

Opposition Groups

Various groups opposed the Restoration. These included Republicans (both moderate and extremist), Basque nationalists, and Catalan nationalists.

The Rise of Proletarian Opposition

The anarchist movement, along with less extreme but influential trade unions like the CNT, UGT, and PSOE, experienced significant growth. The tragic events of the Tragic Week of 1909 in Barcelona and the 1917 crisis further destabilized the system.

The 1917 Crisis

Military juntas demanding salary increases challenged the government. Simultaneously, a parliamentary assembly, formed by deputies and senators, including members of the Catalan League, pushed for constitutional democracy, greater Spanish autonomy, and specifically, political autonomy for Catalonia. Widespread poverty in rural areas, inadequate wages, and rising unemployment in cities fueled social conflict and labor unrest. The CNT and UGT, forming an alliance, called a general strike in 1917.

World War I's Impact

Spain's neutrality during World War I, a result of diplomatic isolationism, military weakness, and indifference to the war's causes, had mixed consequences. Basque steel companies, textile industries, and shipping companies benefited, increasing production. However, Spanish agriculture suffered, worsening the socioeconomic situation and contributing to the 1917 crisis. Business closures, unemployment, and strikes increased dramatically.