Evolution of Tourism Models: From Mass to Quality

Evolution of Tourism and Traditional Tourism Models

The tourism model introduced in the 1960s was mass tourism, characterized by sun and beach holidays. This era saw cheap and abundant demand leading to a homogeneous market, with factors primarily external. These included the economic development of Western and Northern Europe and advancements in transport that facilitated travel. Internal factors for Spain's success were its geographical proximity to European clientele, excellent natural and cultural resources, and low costs.

The Crisis of Traditional Tourism

Spanish tourism experienced a crisis, although the number of tourists and tourism revenues continued to grow, albeit at a slower rate. Problems arose from increasing tourist prices due to inflation and wage increases.

Transition to a New Tourism Model

In 1985, efforts were made to revive tourist revenue. The new tourism model is characterized by a quality tourist offer, leading to a more differentiated demand. Key factors include the quality of supply based on service improvement and diversification of the offer, exploiting the variety of natural resources. Tourism promotion by the central government was also crucial.

Types of Tourism

• Coastal Tourism: The majority mode, often referred to as sun and sand, also includes tourism connected with rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
• Mountain Tourism: Linked to snow sports like skiing.
• Eco-tourism: Focuses on cultural visits to protected natural areas.
• Rural Tourism: Includes accommodation and stays in the countryside for rest and enjoyment.
• Urban Tourism: Primarily targets cultural tourism in heritage cities, with growing business city tourism and fairs.

Spatial Implications and Demographic Impact

In coastal areas, tourism increases the effective and employed population, particularly in the tertiary sector and construction. This impacts the population by extending coastal tourism and urban settlements, favoring the formation of conurbations. In some rural areas, mountain tourism has developed through the rehabilitation of built heritage.

Economic Impact

Tourism generates significant employment and has a multiplier effect, bringing wealth and offsetting the country's trade balance deficit and debt.

Political, Cultural, and Sociological Repercussions

Tourism promotes rapprochement between peoples. It impacts local society positively by stimulating social change and modernization.

Impact on Land

In coastal areas, tourist areas are often ordered according to needs, leading to changes in the environment and landscape. This includes demands for water supply and economic transformations, such as the revalorization of land for development.

Environmental Impact

Tourism has significant environmental impacts in many confined areas. Consequences include the construction of large blocks of hotels and apartments near beaches.

Tourism Policy Issues

Problems: The prevalence of the traditional sun and sand model caters to mid-to-low level customers, while demand is shifting towards quality and variety. Growing international competition due to improved transport also presents challenges.

Policy Aims: Tourism policy seeks to address these problems through coordination. The European Union promotes tourism for its advantages in attracting foreign exchange, creating jobs, and redistributing income. Spain aims to:

• Increase the quality of the offer to attract more affluent tourists.
• Diversify the supply to meet desires for variety and direct participation.
• Improve marketing to increase profits.
• Achieve sustainable tourism that meets environmental quality demands.