Evolution and Philosophy: Aristotle to Darwin

Fixity of Species

Aristotle studied life, classifying plants and animals into species and genera. He believed species are eternal, unchanging, and consistent across generations. Biology focused on species, not individuals, with organ form linked to function. Aristotle acknowledged human intervention against nature but minimized evolutionary processes. Creationism reinforced this fixist view, asserting God created perfect, unchanging species.

Transformation

Transformation suggests species evolve through anatomical changes. Lamarck proposed that function creates organs, adapting to the environment. However, these acquired characteristics are not inheritable.

Darwinism

Darwin's theory of evolution posits:

• All life shares a common origin.
• Species evolve, appear, disappear, and change over time.
• Change is gradual, not abrupt.
• Variations are passed to offspring.

Natural selection drives evolution:

1. Individuals are born with unique traits, leading to genetic variation.
2. Competition for survival arises due to population growth and resource needs.
3. Adaptation to the environment is crucial for survival.

Hellenistic Man

From Political to Social

Aristotle's 'political animal' became a 'social animal' post-city-states. Emphasis shifted to nature and humanity, valuing self-sufficiency and autonomy.

Epicureanism

Epicurus advocated seeking happiness through pleasure, defined as the absence of pain. Techniques for a happy life were emphasized.

Stoicism

Stoicism interprets humans through nature. Reason is central, guiding individuals to become cosmopolitan citizens.