Evolution of Castilian Prose: From Annotations to Literary Works

Late Emergence of Castilian Prose

Prose creations appeared very late in Castilian literature. Early writings were brief annotations in the margins and romances interspersed within Latin texts. At that time, Latin was not understood by all and was translated. It was the language of the church, monasteries, schools, and universities, which for centuries were ecclesiastical centers radiating culture. This Latin culture, of religious inspiration, held itself apart from the Romance languages, contemptuously referring to them as 'romances'.

13th-Century Prose and Scientific Learning

The powerful influence of Arabic and Hebrew cultures, which had assimilated and retained much Greco-Latin knowledge, was significant. Royal support for cultural activities surged during the reigns of Ferdinand III and Alfonso X, notably in the Toledo School of Translators. The popularizing and didactic character of this activity led to innovation in the court of Alfonso X.

Alfonso X the Wise

Though not particularly successful in politics or military matters, and often considered a mediocre ruler, Alfonso X was an extraordinary promoter of culture. His most important achievement was ensuring that encyclopedic knowledge was expressed in the vernacular Castilian, not Latin. Alfonso X believed in elevating the Castilian language to a cultural status. His work had an educational aim, seeking to teach his subjects scientific knowledge, which necessitated the use of clear language. Notable works include:

• Historically: The Great and General Estoria
• Legal works: The Code of Seven Plays
• Scientific/pseudo-scientific works: Books on astronomy
• Entertainment: Chess books

Don Juan Manuel

Don Juan Manuel, nephew of Alfonso X, wrote with the didactic purpose of exalting his social status and defending the nobility during a time of crisis. He is considered the first creative writer of Castilian prose, preoccupied with individualistic expression and the careful transmission of his work. He continuously sought an original style. Key features of his language: simplicity, clarity, conciseness, and literary selection. His most important works:

• Book of the Knight and Squire
• Book of States
• The Count Lucanor