Evolution of American Literature: From Indigenous Roots to Neoclassicism

American Literature: A Fusion of Cultures

American literature emerged as a blend of indigenous cultures and European influences. While pre-Columbian literature gained recognition in the 20th century, indigenous cultures, songs, and mythic traditions have always been integral to social reality. The Guaraní poems, for instance, bear resemblance to those of ancient Greece.

The Era of Independence and European Aesthetics

During the era of independence, new themes emerged, reflecting the ongoing struggle for originality. While still influenced by European aesthetics, American literature began to explore its own identity based on the historical realities of the nation.

The Search for Originality

Modern American literature delves into the human condition, striving for originality and aiming to reach the level of European literature. This involves a crucial process of self-discovery through literary expression.

Neoclassicism in American Literature

Neoclassicism in American literature fostered a militant and committed spirit, focusing on political and patriotic themes related to the fight for independence. This movement exalted nature and referenced the pre-Columbian world, including Inca and Aztec civilizations. While grounded in the reason and balance of European classicism, American Neoclassicism developed its own unique character.

The Language of Revolution

The language of this period, marked by mythological allusions, metaphors, adjectives, rhymes, and hyperbole, reflected the fervor of the American Revolution and its liberal ideology, emphasizing liberty, equality, and fraternity. This literary style served as political propaganda, extolling the virtues of the American people while exaggerating the negative aspects of Spanish rule.

Neoclassicism in a Time of Discomfort

Neoclassicism arrived in America amidst the struggle for independence from Spanish rule and the rise of ideals such as freedom, independence, and justice, echoing the French and American Revolutions. As a movement that sought to return to classical cultural values, Neoclassicism in America exhibited distinct characteristics:

1. Imitation of classical models, referencing both Greco-Roman and Inca civilizations.
2. Adherence to artistic rules, requiring writers to express collective feelings, utilize hyperbaton, employ learned vocabulary, and avoid everyday speech.
3. Emphasis on the didactic function of literature, promoting education and social harmony.
4. Prioritization of reason over feelings, demanding that writers represent their people rather than express individual ideas.
5. Celebration of nature and patriotic sentiment.
6. Utilization as a tool for political propaganda and independence movements.

American literature during this period adapted European models to reflect the unique characteristics of Latin America, demonstrating a desire for self-expression while acknowledging the enduring influence of Spanish heritage.