Ethnocentrism, Subjectivity, and Authoritarianism

Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is judging the world through one's own culture's parameters. It often involves believing one's race or ethnic group is superior. People using this ideology judge other groups based on their own culture, particularly regarding language, customs, behavior, religion, and beliefs—aspects that define cultural identity.

Subjectivity

Subjectivity has two meanings: referring to knowledge or the subject. In knowledge theory, subjectivity describes perceptions, arguments, and language based on a subject's viewpoint, influenced by their interests and desires. This contrasts with objectivity, which is inter-subjective, unbiased, and verifiable.

Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is the extreme exercise of authority, lacking consensus and reason. It creates an oppressive social order restricting freedom. The term describes organizations or states maintaining political power through undemocratic means or opposing freedom.

Evolutionism

Biological evolution is the continuous transformation of species across generations, reflected in changing allele frequencies within a population.

Anthropology

Anthropology (from Greek anthropos, 'human,' and logos, 'knowledge') is the social science holistically studying humans. Integrating natural, social, and human sciences, anthropology studies humans within their societies and cultures, and as a product of them. It examines the origin and development of human variability and social behavior across time and space—the biosocial process of human existence.