Ethical Theories and Human Rights Fundamentals

Ethical Frameworks and Principles

Eudaimonia (Aristotle)

The pursuit of happiness achieved by using reason and acting prudently.

Hedonism (Epicurus)

Achieving happiness and spiritual pleasure, finding peace of mind without worries or suffering.

Emotivism

Determining the goodness or badness of an action by the feeling it evokes, aiming to reach joy and happiness for the greatest number of people.

Utilitarianism (Bentham and John Stuart Mill)

The goal is the happiness of the greatest number. Actions that bring happiness are considered good and useful. There are higher pleasures (moral and intellectual) and lower pleasures (physical).

Kant's Theory

Our behavior should not be based on finding a reward or avoiding punishment, but on what reason dictates as our duty, according to our moral laws.

Duties and Rights

• Duties: Rules, regulations, or laws governing coexistence that we are obliged to comply with.
• Individual Duties: Belong to the individual, such as the right to life and freedom of expression. (1st Generation: Focuses on freedom.)
• Social Duties: Revolves around solidarity, including the right to education and health. (2nd Generation: Focuses on equality; 3rd Generation: Focuses on solidarity.)

Characteristics of Human Rights (DH)

• Universal: Valid for all persons, without difference based on race, sex, or nationality.
• Non-negotiable: One cannot negotiate the failure of one or more rights to promote the fulfillment of another.
• Inalienable: They belong to the individual and cannot be transferred to others.

Democracy

A system where power is vested in the people. Types include:

• Direct Democracy: Citizens decide for themselves.
• Restricted Democracy (D. Restringida): Only a few participate.
• Representative Democracy (D. Representativa): Citizens elect representatives to carry out the task of government.
• Participatory Democracy (D. Participativas): Characterized by universal suffrage.

Basic Principles of Democracy

• Equality: Must be guaranteed under the law, pursuing public welfare, eliminating extremes of human poverty and wealth, and ensuring equal opportunities through education for all.
• Justice System: Must ensure the rules or laws that organize coexistence between people.
• Freedom: Citizens must have the ability to decide for themselves and choose the lifestyle that best suits their interests.

Referendum: A consultation on a constitution or other law.