Essential Science Formulas and Concepts Reference

🥪 Chemistry and Physics Fundamentals

Key Formulas

Density Triangle:

• Density (D) = Mass (m) ÷ Volume (V)

• Mass (m) = Density (D) × Volume (V)

• Volume (V) = Mass (m) ÷ Density (D)

Other Core Formulas & Rules:

• Neutrons = Mass Number − Atomic Number

• Valence Electrons = Outermost shell electrons

• Charge = Protons − Electrons (for ions)

• Stable Octet = 8 valence electrons (or 2 for small atoms like Helium)

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic Bond = Metal + Non-metal (electrons are transferred)

• Covalent Bond = Non-metal + Non-metal (electrons are shared)

• Diatomic molecules: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂

Power Formula:                   Energy Formula:
P = V × I                                E = P × t  

Concepts

• Conductors let electricity flow (e.g. metals)

• Insulators block electricity (e.g. rubber)

• Series circuit: one path

• Parallel circuit: multiple paths

• Electric discharge = sudden flow of charge

• Static = not moving; Current = flowing

🌌 SPACE

• 1 AU = distance: Earth to Sun (150 million km)

• 1 Light Year = distance light travels in one year

• Rotation = spinning (causes day/night)

• Revolution = orbiting (causes seasons)

• Solar Eclipse = Sun - Moon - Earth

• Lunar Eclipse = Sun - Earth - Moon

• Sun’s energy = nuclear fusion (H → He)

• Big Bang Theory = universe started from one point
    → evidence: redshift, background radiation

🌱 ECOLOGY

Pyramid Types

• Energy pyramid: 10% energy passes to next level

• Biomass pyramid: total mass at each level

• Numbers pyramid: number of organisms

Trophic Levels

1. Producer

2. Primary Consumer (herbivore)

3. Secondary Consumer (omnivore/carnivore)

4. Tertiary Consumer

5. Decomposer

Other Concepts

• Bioaccumulation = toxins build up in 1 organism

• Bioamplification = toxins increase in food chain

• Biodiversity = variety of living things

• Sustainability = use resources (no harm to future)

cellular respiration  

Photosynthesis

🧪 SCIENTIFIC SKILLS

• WHMIS = Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
   → Lab safety symbols (fire, skull, gas, etc.)

• HHPS = Hazardous Household Product Symbols
   → Found on cleaners at home

• Lab Rules: wear goggles, no eating, follow steps

• Lab Tools: beaker, tongs, Bunsen burner, measuring cylinder