Essential Principles of Matter: States, Properties, and Laws

Basic Definitions of Matter

• Mass: The amount of matter an object has.
• Volume: The amount of space a substance occupies.
• Density: The relation of the amount of mass in a given volume.
• Matter: Anything that has mass and volume.
• Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.
• Weight: The action of gravitational force on an object.

Units of Measurement

• Newtons (N): A unit of force.
• 1 N = 100 g
• 1 kg = 1000 g

Properties of Matter

Chemical Properties

• A material's property that becomes evident during or after a chemical reaction.
• Examples: Flammability, reaction with O₂ (oxygen).

Physical Properties

• Observed or measured without changing the composition of matter.
• Examples: State, density, solubility, malleability, shape.

Changes in Matter

Chemical Changes

• A change that occurs when one or more substances transform into new ones with different properties.
• Examples: Soured milk, effervescent tablets.

Physical Changes

• A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change.
• Examples: Changes of state, dissolving.

Mixtures and Solutions

• Compound: A substance composed of two or more separate substances chemically bonded together.
• Mixture: Substances made by mixing other substances together without chemical bonding.
• Solvent: A liquid in which a solute is dissolved.
• Solute: A substance that will be dissolved.
• Solubility: The property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance to dissolve in a solvent.
• Dilution: The action of making a liquid more dilute.
• Dilute: To make a liquid thinner by adding solvent.
• Concentration: The number of molecules in a given volume of a substance.
• Suspension: A mixture in which particles are more or less dispersed in a liquid or gas.
• Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

States of Matter

Solid State

• Has a definite shape and volume.
• Particles are very close together.
• Two kinds of solids: crystalline and amorphous.
• Attraction between particles is strong.
• Particles do not move fast; they vibrate, and each one is locked in place.

Liquid State

• Has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
• Particles move fast.
• Liquids change shape but do not easily change volume.
• Surface Tension: A force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid, causing liquids to form spherical drops.
• Viscosity: A liquid's resistance to flow. The stronger the attraction, the more viscous the liquid.
• Particles can pass between others.

Gaseous State

• Has no definite shape or volume.
• Particles move quickly with less attraction between them.
• The amount of empty space can change.
• Particles move independently.
• Its volume is determined by temperature and pressure.

Gas Laws

Charles's Law

States that for a fixed amount of gas, the volume of the gas changes proportionally with the temperature of the gas.

Boyle's Law

States that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely related to the pressure.