Essential Phases of Building Construction

Site Analysis and Field Check

The construction of a building begins with a thorough analysis of the field. This stage evaluates the ground resistance, its specific peculiarities, and the precise depth at which the soil remains firm.

Earth Movement and Excavation

This phase involves paving the way, correcting ground unevenness, and emptying spaces to accommodate both underground utility zones and the foundation. It is essential for preparing the site for structural loads.

Foundation Construction

During this stage, footings are constructed. These are a type of foundation surface, usually isolated, used on land that is reasonably homogeneous and strong. They consist of a wide prism of concrete placed beneath the pillars; their function is to convey structural tensions to the field and anchor the building. There are several types of shoes (footings) depending on whether they support one or more columns or walls.

When footings are not viable, driving piles or foundation slabs must be used. Mat foundations are placed when the ground is not very resistant. These slabs are made of reinforced concrete and distribute the weight and loads of the building over the entire support surface. If necessary, deep piles are employed, which are high-altitude columns of reinforced concrete. During this phase, the general coffers for the drains are also constructed.

Building the Structure

Depending on the type of building, the structure is supported on columns—which may be made of iron or concrete—or walls. Above the pillars, walls, and beams, the floor slabs (forjados) are placed. These are structural surfaces capable of transmitting loads and supporting their own weight via the vertical elements that support them. This process leaves open spaces used to form covered areas and the various floors of the building. In these constructions, gaps for stairs, elevators, and other shafts must be taken into account.

Raising the Enclosures

Enclosures are the elements covering the exterior walls of the building and the spaces separating the interior rooms. During construction, builders must account for the necessary gaps for doors, windows, and small courtyards.

Placing Facilities

This stage involves the installation of essential infrastructure. Workers stretch and place the hot and cold water pipes, gas lines, and electrical wiring throughout the structure.

Final Finishes

The final phase focuses on the aesthetic and functional completion of the building. This includes the placement of flooring, plastering, and the installation of doors and other interior details.