Essential Nutrients and Human Body Functions

Why Humans Need to Eat

• Molecules in food contain chemical energy that cells use to produce ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
• Food supplies raw materials your body needs to build and repair tissues.

Six Essential Nutrients the Body Needs

The six essential nutrients required by the body are:

• Carbohydrates
• Water
• Proteins
• Fats (Lipids)
• Vitamins
• Minerals

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Similarities

Both saturated and unsaturated fats are lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids (chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules).

Differences

• Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature.
• Unsaturated fats are usually liquids at room temperature.

Using Food Labels for a Balanced Diet

Food labels are crucial for planning a healthful diet. They help consumers determine if they are consuming adequate amounts of important vitamins and minerals, and manage the intake of fats, sugars, and sodium.

Three Key Roles of Proteins in the Body

1. Proteins supply raw materials for the growth and repair of structures such as skin and muscle tissue.
2. Proteins perform regulatory and transport functions (e.g., enzymes, hormones, hemoglobin).
3. Proteins can be used as an energy source when other nutrients (like carbohydrates or fats) are in short supply.

Essential Vitamins and Minerals: Functions

Calcium

Essential for bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, and proper nerve and muscle function.

Fluoride

Maintenance of bone and tooth structure.

Iron

Component of hemoglobin; acts as an electron carrier crucial for energy metabolism.

Vitamin A

Supports the growth of skin cells and is essential for night vision.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Important for growth and energy metabolism.

Vitamin B12

Involved in nucleic acid metabolism and the maturation of red blood cells.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Maintains cartilage and bone; acts as an antioxidant. Improves iron absorption and is important for healthy gums and wound healing.

Vitamin D

Promotes bone growth by increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption.

Folic Acid (Folate)

Involved in nucleic acid metabolism; helps prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy.

Key Nutritional Facts and Definitions

• Energy content in food is measured using calories.
• Minerals are inorganic nutrients that the body needs, usually in small amounts.
• Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature.
• Vitamins are organic molecules needed by the body, while minerals are inorganic molecules.
• The primary nutrients that provide the body with energy are carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins.