Essential Linguistic Concepts: Grammar, Bilingualism, Conflict

Periphrasis of Obligation

Periphrasis of obligation refers to constructions that express necessity or duty.

Personal Obligation

To know the subject. For example, 'having + to + infinitive'. We've analyzed the components.

Impersonal Obligation

• 'Having + to + infinitive': This problem must be analyzed.
• 'Need + infinitive': A bicycle helmet must be worn.
• 'Was necessary + infinitive': It is necessary to give blood.
• 'Need to be + infinitive': No need to look under the microscope.

Adverbial Subordinate Clauses

Final Adverbial Subordinates (Purpose)

Conjunctions include: why, so that, in order that, for, in order to, so as to.

Causal Adverbial Subordinates

Conjunctions include: because, since, for, given that, as.

Consecutive Subordinates

Conjunctions include: so...that / such...that / so.

Comparative Subordinates

• Similarities: such as.
• Inequality: more...than / less...than.
• Proportionality: the more...the more / the less...the less.

Conditional Subordinates

Conjunctions include: unless / provided that / if / only if / as long as / otherwise (in negative sentences).

Concessive Subordinates

Conjunctions include: despite + infinitive / although / though / even though / even if / granted that / assuming that.

Bilingualism

Bilingualism is the alternative use of two languages by an individual and, by extension, a social group. It frequently occurs in three ways:

Individual Bilingualism

A person can use two languages independently. There are two types:

• Pure Bilingualism: Refers to children of linguistically mixed marriages.
• Instrumental Bilingualism: Individuals who learn a second language without forgetting their own.

Territorial Bilingualism

Occurs when a bilingual territory includes two clearly defined linguistic areas, where one language is spoken in one area and another language in the second.

Social Bilingualism

Arises when two linguistic groups occupy the same social space, often with different legal statuses, and their languages do not have equal opportunities for use across all domains.

Language Conflict

Language conflict occurs between two human communities with different languages. There are two main types:

• Conflict over Structure and Domains of Use.

Two ways to resolve linguistic conflict:

• Language Shift: One language advances while the other retreats.
• Standardization: Based on positive factors such as language loyalty, recognition, and effective official status.