Essential English Vocabulary and Reported Speech Rules
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Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Rules
Key Vocabulary and Spanish Translations
Below is a list of important English terms and phrases with their corresponding Spanish meanings:
- Unable to read: No poder leer / Incapaz de leer
- Leave permanently: Salir / Marcharse definitivamente
- Think of: Pensar en / Considerar
- Defend: Defender
- Obligatory: Obligatorio / Obligatoria
- No fear: Sin miedo (Literal) / Ni lo pienses (Idiom: Don't even think about it)
- Go to: Ir a
- Review: Revisar
- Brand-new: Sin estrenar
- Record: Anotación
- Pay attention: Prestar atención
- Compulsory: Obligatorio
- No trace of: Sin rastro de
- Cheat: Copiarse
- Stand up for: Salir en defensa de alguien
- Attend: Ir a / Asistir
- Ridiculous: Ridículo
- Motivated: Motivado
- Used to (Past habit): Soler
- Courage: Valor / Valentía
- Wipe out: Eliminar / Arruinar / Aniquilar
- Optional: Opcional
- Skip: Saltar
- Get into trouble: Meterse en líos
- Speak up: Hablar más alto
- Get used to: Acostumbrarse a
Reported Speech: Tense Changes from Direct to Indirect Speech
When converting direct speech into indirect speech, the tense of the verb usually shifts backward in time. Note the following transformations:
Direct Speech Example | Indirect Speech Transformation |
|---|---|
| Reporting Verb: He said, | Reporting Clause: He said that |
| Present Simple: “She studies English.” | Past Simple: ... she studied English. |
| Present Continuous: “I am waiting for my sister.” | Past Continuous: ... he was waiting for his sister. |
| Present Perfect Simple: “I have read the note.” | Past Perfect Simple: ... he had read the note. |
| Present Perfect Continuous: “She has been studying English.” | Past Perfect Continuous: ... she had been studying English. |
| Past Simple: “Kate arrived on Monday morning.” | Past Perfect: ... Kate had arrived on Monday morning. |
| Past Continuous: “She was studying English.” | Past Perfect Continuous: ... she had been studying English. |
| Past Perfect Simple: “She had studied English.” | No Change |
| Past Perfect Continuous: “She had been studying English.” | No Change |
| Future Simple (Will): “I’ll visit you soon.” | Conditional (Would): ... he would visit us soon. |
| Modal: Can: “She can study English.” | Modal: Could: ... she could study English. |
| Modal: May: “It may be a good proposal.” | Modal: Might: ... it might be a good proposal. |
| Modal: Must / Have to: “I must brush my teeth.” | Modal: Had to: ... he had to brush his teeth. |
| Modals that Remain Unchanged: Should, Could, Would, Might, Ought to, Used to | No Change |