Essential English Vocabulary & Reported Speech Grammar
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Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Rules
English-Spanish Vocabulary: Key Phrases
- In the lead: Liderar
- Fast asleep: Profundamente dormido
- Defeat: Derrotar
- Heavy traffic: Tráfico abundante
- Let us down: Decepcionar
- Bright future: Futuro brillante
- Sportsmanship: Deportividad
- Poor health: Mala salud
- Broke a record: Batir un récord
- Valid point: Punto válido / Buen punto
- Effort: Esfuerzo
- Slight accent: Acento leve
- Spectators: Espectadores
- Rapid growth: Rápido crecimiento
- Opponent: Oponente
- Tournament: Torneo
- Trophy: Trofeo
- Go wild: Volverse loco
- Beat: Vencer
- Cheer: Aclamar, animar
- Score: Marcar
- Speed: Velocidad
- Championship: Campeonato
- Awards: Premios
- Finish line: Meta
- Guidelines: Reglas
- Turnaround: Cambio
- Superstar: Superestrella
- Runner-up: Segundo puesto
- Teammates: Compañeros de equipo
Reported Speech: Time and Place Expressions
When reporting speech, certain time and place expressions change:
- Now: Then
- Today: That day
- Yesterday: The day before, the previous day
- Tomorrow: The next day, the following day
- Next week/month: The next/following week/month
- Last week/month: The previous week/month
- A week ago: A week before
Reported Speech: Demonstratives
Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs also change in reported speech:
- Here: There
- This: That
- These: Those
Key Rules for Reported Speech
- The Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous tenses generally do not change in reported speech.
- Direct: "I had arranged..."
- Reported: She said that she had arranged...
- Direct: "I had been studying..."
- Reported: He mentioned that he had been studying...
- The modal verbs should, could, would, might, and ought to do not change in reported speech.
- Verbs like suggest, accuse, apologize, and deny are often followed by a gerund (-ing form).
- Example: He suggested going to the cinema.
- Example: She denied taking the money.
- When the reporting verb is in the present tense (e.g., "says"), the tense in the reported clause usually does not change.
- Direct: She says, "I will bring..."
- Reported: She says that she will bring...
- If the reported statement expresses a general truth or a habitual action, the tense in the reported clause may remain the same, even if the reporting verb is in the past.
- Direct: He said, "Emails make communication easier."
- Reported: He said that emails make (or made) communication easier.
Reporting Commands and Requests
To report commands or requests, we typically use a reporting verb followed by an object and a to-infinitive structure:
Subject + Reporting Verb + Object + (not) + to-infinitive
- Example: He told me to wait.
- Example: She asked him not to be late.