Essential English Vocabulary for Politics and Geography

Advanced Technology and Innovation

High-tech, state-of-the-art, cutting-edge, high-end, top-of-the-line, first-rate, innovative, revolutionary, novel, low-tech, wacky, unique, efficient, inefficient.

Political Systems and Definitions

Government: People who govern a country.
Politics: The art or science of government.
Constitution: A set of basic laws that cannot easily be changed.
Election: An occasion when people vote.
Vote: To show a choice by marking a paper or using a system.
Campaign: Actions intended to win an election.
Democracy: A system where every citizen can vote.
Monarchy: A country ruled by a king or queen.
Dictatorship: A system where one person has complete power.
Constitutional Monarchy: Ruled by a king but with limited power.

Political Ideologies

• Radical: Supporting complete political or social change.
• Liberal: Supporting changes in political, social, or religious systems that respect the rights of others.
• Moderate: Having opinions that are not extreme and are considered reasonable.
• Conservative: Preferring to maintain traditional ways rather than risking change.
• Reactionary: Strongly opposed to political or social change.

Grammar and Usage

Uncountable Nouns

Advice, patience, crime, peace, education, politics, health, poverty, help, progress, information, proof, investment, success, justice, time, news, work.

Common Verbs

Censorship, compulsory, lowering, raising, prohibiting.

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive

Agree, decide, manage, pretend, appear, deserve, need, refuse, can't afford, hope, offer, seem, can't wait, learn, plan.

Verbs Followed by an Object and Infinitive

Advise, convince, permit, request, urge, allow, encourage, persuade, require, warn, cause, invite, remind, tell.

Global Issues and Geography

Corruption, poverty, terrorism, racism, and discrimination.
Directions: North, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest.

Geographical Features

Environmental Terms

The Environment: Air, water, and animals.
Pollution: The act of causing air, water, or land to become dirty and unhealthy.
Power: Electricity or force used to make machines work.
Renewable Energy: Power from sources like wind or solar.
Energy Efficient: Uses as little power as possible.

Location Phrases

• It is in a province, mountain, valley, desert, ocean, or state.
• It is on a peninsula, island, river, bay, coast, or gulf.
• It is in the central part of Madrid.