Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide

Phrasal Verbs

Come Across: Find something by chance
Find a Way Round: Solve a problem
Come Up With: Have an idea
Run: Manage a business
Get Rid Of: Dispose of something
Turn To: Change to something else
Cut Down On: Reduce consumption
Put On: Gain weight

Clothing Vocabulary

Flip-flops: Chanclas
Fur Coat: Abric de pell
High Heels: Tacons
Jumper: Jersei
Slippers: Sabatilles
Tracksuit: Xandall
Costume: Disfresa

Fashion and Style

Trend: Tendència
Bright: Color brillant
Dull: Color apagat
Spotted: Topos
Scruffy: Cutre
Loose: Ample
Dress Down: Vestir informal
Dress Up: Vestir formal
Get Changed: Canviar-se
Try On: Emprovar-se
Tuck In: Arreglar la peça
Hang Up: Penjar la roba
Get a Bigger Size: Agafar talla gran
Get Taken In: Arreglar algo
Match: Decoracions
Suit: No et queda bé
Fit: No et va per la talla
Be Used To -ing: Estar acostumat
Get Used To -ing: Acció d'acostumar-se

Food Vocabulary

Beef: Carn vaca
Lamb: Carn ovella
Turkey: Carn gall d'indi
Chop: Tallar a trossos petits
Grate: Rallar
Simmer: Fuego lent
Salt and Pepper: Afegir sal i pebre
Bitter: Amargo
Sour: Àcid
Spicy: Picant
Sip It Carefully: Sabor
Chew It Well: Mastegar lentament
Rancid: Ranci
Mouldy: Humit
Rotten: Podrit
Stale: Pa dur
Cinnamon: Canela

Grammar Tips

Modal Verbs

• Have to/Has to: Rules/obligations (e.g., You have to be 18 to drive a car)
• Must: Personal obligation (e.g., I must use Educamos every day)
• Don't/Doesn't have to: Not necessary (e.g., You don't have to wear a seatbelt when the light is off)
• Mustn't: Prohibited (e.g., You mustn't smoke on a plane)
• Need to: Necessary
• Let/Make + Person + Infinitive: Permission/obligation (e.g., Do your parents let you go out at night?)
• Didn't need to: Didn't do it because it wasn't necessary
• You'd better: Advice (e.g., You'd better read the book carefully)

Relative Clauses

• Who/That: Used for people (e.g., The girl who is sleeping is Julie)
• Which: Used for things (e.g., The word which is not handed in on time will be penalized)
• Reduced Relative Clauses: Use -ing form for active voice (e.g., The girl sleeping is Julie)
• Participle Clauses: Use past participle for passive voice (e.g., The song heard in class)

Other Grammar Points

• It's a good idea: Should/ought to
• You are allowed to: Can
• It is necessary for us to do: Do we have to?
• Make: Crear, inventar
• Rise: Without hands
• Raise: With hands
• Gone off: Is bad, not edible
• Rather: Instead of
• Defining: Necessary and specifies