Essential English Language Skills

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect: The car(s) has/have been designed.

Past Perfect: The car(s) had been designed.

Future Perfect: The car(s) will have been designed.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple + Future Simple

Usage: Real or possible situations.

Examples:

• If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
• If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
• If you work hard, you may become a millionaire someday.
• If they don't invite you, you must not go.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple + would/could/might + verb

Usage: Hypothetical situations.

Examples:

• If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
• If it were not raining, we could go out.
• If they worked for that company, they might have better salaries.

Third Conditional

Structure: If + Past Perfect + would/could/might + have + past participle

Usage: Hypothetical past situations.

Examples:

• If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world.
• If we had studied harder, we might have passed the test.
• If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you.

Passive Voice

Present:

• Active: The company ships the computers to many foreign countries.
• Passive: Computers are shipped to many foreign countries.

Past:

• Active: The delivery man delivered the package yesterday.
• Passive: The package was delivered yesterday.

Future:

• Active: Our representative will pick up the computer.
• Passive: The computer will be picked up.

Present Perfect:

• Active: Someone has made the arrangements for us.
• Passive: The arrangements have been made for us.

Past Perfect:

• Active: They had given us visas for three months.
• Passive: We had been given visas for three months.

Future Perfect:

• Active: By next month, we will have finished this job.
• Passive: By next month, this job will have been finished.

Modals:

• Active: You can use the computer.
• Passive: The computer can be used.

Conditional I:

• Active: Rita would write a letter.
• Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II:

• Active: Rita would have written a letter.
• Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Shopping Vocabulary

Adjectives

• Latest: Latest
• Old-fashioned: Old-fashioned
• Pricey: Pricey
• Reasonably-priced: Reasonably priced
• Second-hand: Second-hand
• Sophisticated: Sophisticated
• Top quality: Top quality
• Trendy: Trendy

Nouns

• Ban: Ban
• Brand: Brand
• Charity shop: Charity shop
• Designer label: Designer label
• Hooligan: Hooligan
• Mall: Mall
• Range: Range
• Receipt: Receipt
• Rubbish: Rubbish
• Security guard: Security guard
• Shopaholic: Shopaholic
• Store: Store

Verbs

• Repair: Repair
• Spend: Spend

Adjective Suffixes

• -childish: Childish
• -environmental: Environmental
• -expensive: Expensive
• -foolish: Foolish
• -scenic: Scenic
• -selfish: Selfish
• -specific: Specific
• -stylish: Stylish

Phrasal Verbs

• give away: Give away (provide something for free)
• go away: Go away
• take back: Take back (return)
• throw out: Throw out (remove)
• try on: Try on (wear briefly)

Have/Get Something Done

Structure: have/get + object + past participle

Example: I have had my ears pierced.

Happiness Vocabulary

Emotions

• be on the same wavelength: Be on the same wavelength
• over the moon: Over the moon
• feel down: Feel down
• under the weather: Under the weather
• laugh your head off: Laugh your head off

Adjectives

• content: Content
• depressed: Depressed
• elated: Elated
• nervous: Nervous
• realistic: Realistic
• stressful: Stressful

Nouns

• mood: Mood
• pressure: Pressure
• brain: Brain
• questionnaire: Questionnaire
• survey: Survey

Verbs

• programme: Programme
• socialize: Socialize
• worry: Worry

Prefixes and Suffixes

• dishonest: Dishonest
• enjoyment: Enjoyment
• illegal: Illegal
• misunderstand: Misunderstand
• overcharge: Overcharge
• performance: Performance
• reappear: Reappear
• undercharge: Undercharge
• unkind: Unkind
• useless: Useless

Phrasal Verbs

• cheer up: Cheer up (feel happier)
• feel up to: Feel up to (be able to)
• get on with: Get on with (have a good relationship with)
• go through: Go through
• look forward to: Look forward to
• miss out on: Miss out on (be unable to do something)
• sort out: Sort out

As...As / As If/Though

as...as: as [adjective] as

as if/though: as if/though