Essential English Grammar and Vocabulary Units 9-10

Unit 9: Shopping and Finance

Key Vocabulary

• Financial terms: Discount, cash, owe, borrow, can afford, charge, cost, earn, get paid, be worth, own, pay back, save, spend, waste, lend.
• Shopping terms: Shopping centre, queue, receipt, till, bargain, changing room, the sales, refund, window shopping, department store.

Shopping Phrases

• Pay by credit card / Pay with cash
• Return / Exchange
• Fit me / Try on these shoes
• Order / Deliver

Grammar: Used To

• Affirmative: I used to like reggae music when I was a teenager.
• Negative: He didn't use to be as rich as he is now.
• Interrogative: Did you use to go to the beach every day when you lived in Greece?
• Short Answers: Yes, I did / No, I didn't.

The Passive Voice

In the passive voice, the object becomes the subject.

Present Passive

• Affirmative: The football matches are played in the evening.
• Negative: The painting isn't signed by the artist.
• Interrogative: Are these biscuits made with butter?

Past Passive

Structure: Was/Were + Past Participle

• Affirmative: The film was directed by Noé.
• Negative: Chess wasn't invented in Europe.
• Interrogative: Were the workers paid last month?

Unit 10: Sports and Anatomy

Sports Vocabulary

Win, match, race, umpire, athlete, medal, trophy, score, crowd, beat, lose, draw, player, referee, spectator.

Anatomy Vocabulary

• Leg/Arm: Foot, knee, toes, ankle, finger, wrist, elbow, hand, arm, thumb.
• Head/Torso: Neck, cheek, chest, lips, back, chin, forehead, shoulder, heart, brain, stomach, skin, muscle, bone.

Advanced Grammar

Past Perfect

Used for actions occurring before another past action (had + past participle).

Reported Speech Tense Changes

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect
• Am/Is/Are going to → Was/Were going to
• Will → Would
• Can → Could