Essential English Grammar and Vocabulary Reference

English Language Essentials: Grammar and Vocabulary

Core Vocabulary

Environmental and Modern Concepts

• Climate Change - cambio climático
• Cloning - clonar
• Flood - inundación
• Gas - gas
• Global Warming - calentamiento global
• GM Food (Genetically Modified Food) - comida genéticamente modificada
• Oil - petróleo
• Renewable Energy - energía renovable
• Solar Power - energía solar
• Wind Power - energía del viento

Verbs and Their Noun Forms

• Damage / Damage (noun) - dañar
• Demonstrate / Demonstration - demostrar
• Destroy / Destruction - destruir
• Develop / Development - explotar / desarrollar
• Improve / Improvement - mejorar
• Pollute / Pollution - poluir / contaminar
• Protect / Protection - proteger
• Recycle / Recycling - reciclar
• Survive / Survival - sobrevivir
• Waste (verb) / Waste (noun) - desperdiciar / desecho

Art and Creative Terms

• Craft - elaborar / artesanía
• Drawing - dibujo
• Fashion Design - diseño de moda
• Graffiti - grafiti
• Graphic Design - diseño gráfico
• Installation - instalación
• Landscape - paisaje
• Portrait - retrato
• Pottery - cerámica
• Print - imprimir / grabado
• Sculpture - escultura

Materials Vocabulary

• Bronze - bronce
• Gold - oro
• Ice - hielo
• Sand - arena
• Silver - plata
• Stone - piedra
• Wood / Wooden (adjective) - madera
• Wool / Woolly (adjective) - lana

Common Fears and Phobias

• Being alone - estar a solas
• Confined spaces - espacios cerrados
• The dark - la oscuridad
• Flying - el volar
• Foreigners - los extranjeros
• Germs - gérmenes
• Heights - alturas
• Open spaces - espacios abiertos
• Public speaking - hablar en público
• Snakes - las serpientes
• Spiders - las arañas

The Five Senses

• Hear / Hearing - escuchar
• See / Sight - ver
• Feel / Touch - sentir
• Smell - olor / oler
• Taste - sabor / saborear

Specific Phobias

• Agoraphobia - agorafobia (fear of open or public spaces)
• Arachnophobia - aracnofobia (fear of spiders)
• Claustrophobia - claustrofobia (fear of confined spaces)
• Vertigo - vértigo (dizziness, often associated with heights)
• Xenophobia - xenofobia (fear or dislike of foreigners)

English Grammar Rules

Verb Tenses

Present Simple

• Formation: Base form of the verb. For the third person singular (he, she, it), add -s or -es.
• Negative: Use don't or doesn't + base verb.
• Interrogative: Use Do or Does + subject + base verb.

Present Continuous

• Formation: am, is, or are + verb in -ing form.

Present Perfect

• Formation: have or has + past participle (third column verb or -ed).

Past Simple

• Formation: Verb in its past form (regular verbs add -ed, irregular verbs have unique forms).
• Negative: Use didn't + base verb.
• Interrogative: Use Did + subject + base verb.

Past Continuous

• Formation: was or were + verb in -ing form.
• Note: While often accompanies the Past Continuous, and When often accompanies the Past Simple.

Past Perfect

• Formation: Had + past participle.
• Negative: Hadn't + past participle.

Future Simple (with Will)

• Formation: will + base verb.
• Negative: won't + base verb.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional (Real Conditional)

• Structure: If + Present Simple, Future Simple (will + infinitive).
• Example: If I am tired, I will go to bed.

Second Conditional (Unreal Present/Future)

• Structure: If + Past Simple, would + infinitive.
• Example: If I were you, I would phone her.

Third Conditional (Unreal Past)

• Structure: If + Past Perfect (had + past participle), would have + past participle.
• Example: If Tom had bought the house, we would have had a party.

Passive Voice

Present Simple Passive

• Structure: is / are + past participle + by (optional agent).

Past Simple Passive

• Structure: was / were + past participle + by (optional agent).

Future Simple Passive

• Structure: will be + past participle + by (optional agent).