Essential English Grammar Rules and Vocabulary

English Grammar Essentials

Relative Pronouns

• Who (that): Refers to a person.
• Which (that): Refers to a thing or animal.
• When: Refers to a time.
• Whose: Refers to possession (cuyo).
• Where: Refers to a place.

Omission Rules:

• You can omit who, which, that when followed by a pronoun.
• You can omit who, which, that + be when followed by a verb in the -ing form or the 3rd column (past participle).

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: Always true.
  Structure: IF + Present Simple --- Present Simple
• First Conditional: Future possibility.
  Structure: IF + Present Simple --- will
• Second Conditional: Hypothetical situations.
  Structure: IF + Past Simple (2nd column / did) --- would
• Third Conditional: Past hypothetical situations.
  Structure: IF + Past Perfect (had + 3rd column) --- would have + 3rd column

Alternatives to 'If': unless (if not), in case, even if, provided that, as long as, only if.

Verb Tenses

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: have/has + 3rd column (past participle).
Usage: For experiences, how many times something has happened, something that started in the past and continues now, or something that happened recently.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: have/has + been + verb-ing.
Usage: To emphasize duration (how long), often with since or for; used when we don't know how many times an action has occurred.

Other Tenses

• Past Simple: 2nd column / did
• Past Perfect Simple: had + 3rd column
• Past Perfect Continuous: had + been + verb-ing
• Present Continuous: be + verb-ing
• Future Continuous: will + be + verb-ing

Reported Speech

Tense changes when reporting speech:

• Present Simple becomes Past Simple
• Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous
• Present Perfect Simple becomes Past Perfect Simple
• Past Simple becomes Past Perfect Simple
• Will becomes Would
• Can becomes Could
• Must becomes Had to

English Vocabulary Lists

Personality and Character Adjectives

• Ambitious - ambicioso
• Amusing - divertido
• Assertive
• Awkward - incómodo
• Confident - confiado
• Creative
• Easygoing - tranquilo
• Entertaining
• Generous - generoso
• Indecisive
• Likeable
• Nervous - nervioso
• Outgoing - extrovertido
• Quiet
• Rude - grosero
• Self-confident
• Self-conscious
• Selfish - egoísta
• Show-off - presumido
• Shy - tímido
• Thoughtless - desconsiderado
• Unkind - grosero

Social Interactions and Phrases

• Come across as friendly - parecer amistoso
• Hit it off with somebody - llevarse bien con alguien
• Pay somebody a compliment
• Break the ice

Film and Literature Terms

• Award-winning
• Cast - emitir
• Chapter
• Illustration
• Plot - trama
• Sequel - continuación
• Soundtrack
• Stunt - trucos

Adjectives for Feelings and Emotions

• Amazed / Amazing - sorprendido / sorprendente
• Amused - divertido
• Annoyed - molesto
• Ashamed - avergonzado
• Astonished - asombrado
• Concerned - preocupado
• Delighted - encantado
• Disappointed
• Embarrassed - avergonzado
• Enthusiastic
• Exhausted - agotado
• Frightened - asustado
• Grateful
• Jealous
• Proud
• Relieved - aliviado
• Scared
• Upset - trastornado

Technology and Devices

• Browse - vistazo
• Device - dispositivo
• Driverless - sin conductor
• Drone - zumbido
• Hand-held - portátil
• User-friendly - fácil de usar

General Verbs and Adjectives

• Assist - ayudar
• Attend - asistir
• Bizarre - extraño
• Brave - valiente
• Develop - desarrollar
• Eventually - finalmente
• Perform - ejecutar
• Quirky - peculiar
• Stylish - elegante

Anatomy and Body Parts

• Calf - cría
• Cheek - mejilla
• Chin - barbilla
• Fingernail - uña
• Forehead - frente
• Lung - pulmón
• Thigh - muslo

Phrasal Verbs and Sleep Vocabulary

• Cheer up - alegrarse
• Cope with - poder con
• Doze off - dormirse
• Drop off to sleep - dejarse dormir
• Fast asleep - profundamente dormido
• Get by - arreglárselas
• Go ahead - adelante
• Pay off - saldar
• Pick out - elegir
• Rest - descanso
• Sleep deprivation - privación del sueño
• Sleepy - soñoliento
• Snore - ronquido
• Soak up - absorber
• Switch off - apagar
• Take a nap - echarse una siesta
• Unconscious - inconsciente
• Wide awake - totalmente despierto
• Zone out - fuera de zona

Social Cues and Body Language

• Blink - parpadeo
• Blow your nose
• Blunt - embotar
• Bow - arco
• Handshake - apretón de manos
• Impolite - descortés
• Lack of respect
• Lie through your teeth
• Take a breather - darle un respiro
• Nod your head - asentir
• Stare - mirar fijamente
• Whistle - silbar

Verbs with Prepositions

• Argue about - discutir sobre
• Argue with - discutir con
• Beat at - golpear
• Believe in
• Care for
• Concentrate on
• Hear about
• Insist on
• Laugh about
• Succeed in - tener éxito en
• Throw at - tirar a

Travel and Transportation

• Aircraft - aeronave
• At top speed - a máxima velocidad
• Commuting - desplazamiento
• Crew - tripulación
• Flight attendant
• On land - en tierra
• Rush hour - hora punta
• Voyage - viaje

Tourism and Vacation

• City guidebook - guía de ciudad
• Get away from it all
• Go deep-sea diving
• Go hiking - senderismo
• Go sightseeing - ir a hacer turismo
• Rucksack - mochila
• Suitable - apropiado
• Sunbathing
• Suncream

Nature and Animals

• Breed - criar
• Disguise - ocultar
• Endangered
• Prey - presa
• Tough - difícil
• Weapon - arma

Weather and Climate

• Drizzle - llovizna
• Flooding
• Frost - escarcha
• Hailstone - granizo
• Heatwave - ola de calor
• Lightning - relámpago
• Mild - templado
• Mist - neblina
• Pouring - torrencial
• Severe
• Snowstorm - nevada
• Stable
• Thunderstorm - tormenta
• Unpredictable

Compound Adjectives

• Blue-eyed
• Cold-blooded
• Curly-haired
• Ear-cracking