Essential English Grammar and Lexicon Review

Advanced English Vocabulary Sets

Vocabulary Set 7

• available (disponible)
• backwards (a l'inrevés)
• campaign
• customer
• deal with (tractar de)
• design
• effort
• face
• give advice (donar consells)
• grab (agafar)
• grateful (agraït)
• item (tema)
• majority
• minority
• no matter (no importa)
• population (població)
• run a business (administrar negoci)
• scissors
• set it up (va crear)
• unaware (sense adonar-se)

Vocabulary Set 8

• admit
• beat (vèncer)
• brave (valent)
• desperate
• Earth
• evidence
• flag
• footprint (empremta)
• hoax (engany)
• insult
• land (la terra)
• leave behind (deixar enrere)
• mankind (la humanitat)
• moon
• operate
• proudly (orgullós)
• purposely
• race
• shot (tir)
• step (pas)
• take off (treure)
• theory
• top secret

Vocabulary Set 9

• appliance (electrodomèstic)
• broadcast (transmetre)
• cash (diners en efectiu)
• contestant (concursant)
• criminal
• delivery (repartiment)
• embarrass (avergonyir)
• embarrassing (violent/vergonyós)
• fine (multa)
• gather (ajuntar)
• glamorous (elegant)
• greet (rebre)
• host (presentador)
• method
• offense
• pass up (deixar passar oportunitat)
• prospect
• show up (presentar-se)
• stage (escenari)
• suspect (sospitós)
• success (èxit)
• suspicious (sospitar)
• tempt
• trap (enxampar)
• valuable
• van (furgo)

Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences describe possible or hypothetical situations and their results. The order of the clauses can often be reversed.

First Conditional (Real Possibilities)

Used for things that are possible to happen in the present or future.

• Structure: If + Present Simple, will + Infinitive (Vn)

Second Conditional (Unreal or Impossible Situations)

Used for hypothetical, unreal, or impossible situations in the present or future.

• Structure: If + Past Simple (or were), would + Infinitive (Vn)

Third Conditional (Unreal Past Situations)

Used for unreal situations that never happened in the past, often expressing criticism or regret (hauria, podria).

• Structure: If + Past Perfect (had + V3rd col or -ed), would/could + have + Past Participle (V3rd col or -ed)

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

When reporting what someone said, we often shift the tense backwards and adjust pronouns and time expressions.

Reporting Statements

• Direct: "The suspects are finally in prison," announced the police officer.
• Reported: The police officer announced that the suspects were finally in prison.
• Direct: "The sting has sent a clear message to criminals," Jarmen replied.
• Reported: Jarmen replied that the sting had sent a clear message to criminals.

Reporting Questions

• Direct: "Is it legitimate to publicly embarrass suspects?"
• Reported: Reporters asked if it was legitimate to publicly embarrass suspects.
• Direct: "What were you doing at 9 last night?" the policeman wanted to know.
• Reported: The policeman wanted to know what I had been doing at 9 the night before.

Reporting Orders

• Direct: "Press a button," the Hamiltons told them.
• Reported: The Hamiltons told them to press a button.
• Direct: "Don't move!" the criminal ordered the people.
• Reported: The criminal warned the people not to move.

Reporting Suggestions

• Direct: "Let's watch this new TV game show," suggested Kevin.
• Reported: Kevin suggested watching / that we (should) watch that new TV game show.