Essential Anatomy and Health Tips for Body Systems

Anatomy and Function of Key Body Systems

Organs and Parts of the Digestive System

• The **Digestive Tract** includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
• **Accessory Glands** include the salivary glands, the pancreas, and the liver.

Maintaining Digestive Health

• Wash hands thoroughly before meals.
• Brush teeth after meals using a fluoride toothpaste. Brushing should take at least three minutes.
• Chew food well and maintain correct posture while sitting at the table to ensure adequate intake.
• Ensure that eating is a moment of relaxation, shared with people with whom you can maintain a peaceful and pleasant conversation.

The Respiratory System

Organs of Respiration

• **Airways:** The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
• **Lungs:** Contain many bronchioles and alveoli (air sacs).

The Process of Breathing

• Air is filtered through the nostrils by hairs and mucus.

Respiratory System Health

• Always inhale (inspire) through the nose, not the mouth.
• Avoid places with high concentrations of smoke, dust, or pollen.
• **Do not smoke.**
• Ventilate rooms daily.

The Circulatory System

The Heart and Blood Vessels

• The heart is a muscular organ divided into four chambers: two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
• The heart is composed of three layers of tissue: the **pericardium**, the **myocardium** (muscle layer), and the **endocardium** (which lines the inside).
• **Arterioles** are branches of the arteries. **Venules** are branches of the veins. **Capillaries** are branches connecting arterioles and venules.

Blood Composition

• **Plasma:** A liquid composed mainly of water and various dissolved substances such as proteins and lipids.
• **Erythrocytes** (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen.
• **Leukocytes** (White Blood Cells or WBC): Fight infection.
• **Thrombocytes** (Platelets): Involved in the clotting process.

Types of Circulation

• **Systemic Circulation** (Greater Circulation): Blood travels through the organs of the body to distribute nutrients and oxygen.
• **Pulmonary Circulation** (Lesser Circulation): Blood travels from the heart to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and capture oxygen.

Circulatory System Health

• Implement preventive actions.
• Maintain a low-fat diet.
• Engage in moderate physical exercise.
• **Do not smoke.**

The Urinary and Excretory System

Organs and Parts of the Urinary System

• **Kidneys:** Produce urine by filtering blood.
• **Urinary Tract:**
  • **Ureters:** Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
  • **Urinary Bladder:** Collects and stores urine.
  • **Urethra:** A tube leading from the bladder for excretion.

Excretory System Health

• Drink at least two liters of water daily.
• Urinate four to six times daily.