ESD, Material Safety, Memory Types, and Workday Structure
Classified in Technology
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What is ESD?
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is the accumulation of electric charge on a surface. For a person to feel an ESD, it's necessary to accumulate 3000V of static electricity.
How to Prevent ESD
- Save all components in static-safe bags.
- Use grounded pads.
- Use grounded floor mats.
- Use an antistatic wrist strap when working with computers.
Types of Power Changes
- Total Blackout: Complete power outage.
- Partial Blackout: A reduction in voltage.
- Noise: Interference on the power line.
- Peak Voltage: A sudden, sharp increase in voltage.
- Overvoltage: A prolonged increase in voltage.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
An MSDS is a document that provides information about material identification, hazardous components that can affect people's health, fire hazards, and first aid requirements.
What Information Does an MSDS Contain?
- Material Name
- Physical Properties
- Hazardous Ingredients
- Reactivity Data (e.g., fire and explosion)
- Procedures for Leaks or Spills
- Special Precautions
- Health Hazards
- Protection Requirements
It is important for deciding how to dispose of hazardous materials safely.
Workday Structure
A typical workday structure can be organized as follows:
- Title: Description of the work.
- Date: Date the work occurred.
- Issue: Description of the problem and tools used.
- Solution: How the issue was resolved.
- Order: Sequence of steps taken.
Synchronous Memories
Synchronous memories must be improved to enhance microprocessor speed and memory performance, which are interrelated. Bottlenecks should be avoided.
Types of Synchronous Memories
- SDRAM: Reaches frequencies of 66MHz.
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DDR SDRAM:
- Consistent with the clock.
- Doubles performance by sending two data bits per clock cycle, compared to the standard of one.
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DRDRAM DDR:
- Has a proprietary internal bus.
- Represents a technological breakthrough for improving the speed of a standard DRAM.
- Used in high-end equipment.
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SLDRAM DDR:
- An extension of SDRAM.
- Used in Pentium 4 (PIV) systems.
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DDR2:
- Not compatible with DDR.
- Increased speed (400-533 MHz).
- Higher bandwidth.
- Lower energy consumption.
- Reduced heat sink requirements.
- Lower operating voltage (half that of DDR).
- Size: 1.4.
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DDR3:
- Greater bandwidth than DDR2.
- Reduced power consumption.
- Possible capacity up to 16GB.
- Not compatible with DDR2 due to a different notch position.
Virtual Memory
Virtual memory is a technique used to emulate a lack of physical memory. A swap file (the file containing the virtual memory) is created on the hard disk, taking up space proportional to the desired virtual memory size. Each file access is managed by a virtual memory device driver, moving data blocks or pages.