ESD, Material Safety, Memory Types, and Workday Structure

What is ESD?

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is the accumulation of electric charge on a surface. For a person to feel an ESD, it's necessary to accumulate 3000V of static electricity.

How to Prevent ESD

• Save all components in static-safe bags.
• Use grounded pads.
• Use grounded floor mats.
• Use an antistatic wrist strap when working with computers.

Types of Power Changes

• Total Blackout: Complete power outage.
• Partial Blackout: A reduction in voltage.
• Noise: Interference on the power line.
• Peak Voltage: A sudden, sharp increase in voltage.
• Overvoltage: A prolonged increase in voltage.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

An MSDS is a document that provides information about material identification, hazardous components that can affect people's health, fire hazards, and first aid requirements.

What Information Does an MSDS Contain?

• Material Name
• Physical Properties
• Hazardous Ingredients
• Reactivity Data (e.g., fire and explosion)
• Procedures for Leaks or Spills
• Special Precautions
• Health Hazards
• Protection Requirements

It is important for deciding how to dispose of hazardous materials safely.

Workday Structure

A typical workday structure can be organized as follows:

1. Title: Description of the work.
2. Date: Date the work occurred.
3. Issue: Description of the problem and tools used.
4. Solution: How the issue was resolved.
5. Order: Sequence of steps taken.

Synchronous Memories

Synchronous memories must be improved to enhance microprocessor speed and memory performance, which are interrelated. Bottlenecks should be avoided.

Types of Synchronous Memories

• SDRAM: Reaches frequencies of 66MHz.
• DDR SDRAM:
  • Consistent with the clock.
  • Doubles performance by sending two data bits per clock cycle, compared to the standard of one.
• DRDRAM DDR:
  • Has a proprietary internal bus.
  • Represents a technological breakthrough for improving the speed of a standard DRAM.
  • Used in high-end equipment.
• SLDRAM DDR:
  • An extension of SDRAM.
  • Used in Pentium 4 (PIV) systems.
• DDR2:
  • Not compatible with DDR.
  • Increased speed (400-533 MHz).
  • Higher bandwidth.
  • Lower energy consumption.
  • Reduced heat sink requirements.
  • Lower operating voltage (half that of DDR).
  • Size: 1.4.
• DDR3:
  • Greater bandwidth than DDR2.
  • Reduced power consumption.
  • Possible capacity up to 16GB.
  • Not compatible with DDR2 due to a different notch position.

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is a technique used to emulate a lack of physical memory. A swap file (the file containing the virtual memory) is created on the hard disk, taking up space proportional to the desired virtual memory size. Each file access is managed by a virtual memory device driver, moving data blocks or pages.