ESD, Material Safety, Memory Types, and Workday Structure

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What is ESD?

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is the accumulation of electric charge on a surface. For a person to feel an ESD, it's necessary to accumulate 3000V of static electricity.

How to Prevent ESD

  • Save all components in static-safe bags.
  • Use grounded pads.
  • Use grounded floor mats.
  • Use an antistatic wrist strap when working with computers.

Types of Power Changes

  • Total Blackout: Complete power outage.
  • Partial Blackout: A reduction in voltage.
  • Noise: Interference on the power line.
  • Peak Voltage: A sudden, sharp increase in voltage.
  • Overvoltage: A prolonged increase in voltage.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

An MSDS is a document that provides information about material identification, hazardous components that can affect people's health, fire hazards, and first aid requirements.

What Information Does an MSDS Contain?

  • Material Name
  • Physical Properties
  • Hazardous Ingredients
  • Reactivity Data (e.g., fire and explosion)
  • Procedures for Leaks or Spills
  • Special Precautions
  • Health Hazards
  • Protection Requirements

It is important for deciding how to dispose of hazardous materials safely.

Workday Structure

A typical workday structure can be organized as follows:

  1. Title: Description of the work.
  2. Date: Date the work occurred.
  3. Issue: Description of the problem and tools used.
  4. Solution: How the issue was resolved.
  5. Order: Sequence of steps taken.

Synchronous Memories

Synchronous memories must be improved to enhance microprocessor speed and memory performance, which are interrelated. Bottlenecks should be avoided.

Types of Synchronous Memories

  • SDRAM: Reaches frequencies of 66MHz.
  • DDR SDRAM:
    • Consistent with the clock.
    • Doubles performance by sending two data bits per clock cycle, compared to the standard of one.
  • DRDRAM DDR:
    • Has a proprietary internal bus.
    • Represents a technological breakthrough for improving the speed of a standard DRAM.
    • Used in high-end equipment.
  • SLDRAM DDR:
    • An extension of SDRAM.
    • Used in Pentium 4 (PIV) systems.
  • DDR2:
    • Not compatible with DDR.
    • Increased speed (400-533 MHz).
    • Higher bandwidth.
    • Lower energy consumption.
    • Reduced heat sink requirements.
    • Lower operating voltage (half that of DDR).
    • Size: 1.4.
  • DDR3:
    • Greater bandwidth than DDR2.
    • Reduced power consumption.
    • Possible capacity up to 16GB.
    • Not compatible with DDR2 due to a different notch position.

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is a technique used to emulate a lack of physical memory. A swap file (the file containing the virtual memory) is created on the hard disk, taking up space proportional to the desired virtual memory size. Each file access is managed by a virtual memory device driver, moving data blocks or pages.

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