Epistemology: Levels, Interests, Models and Truth Criteria

6) Levels of Knowledge

Knowledge of level 3:

Opinion

An opinion about a subject lacks absolute assurance. An opinion can arise from an objective point of view — that is, from an objectively valid justification — or from a subjective view; it is not necessarily certain.

Original text preserved: "knowledge of level 3: Opinion: Opinion on the subject does something, it does not have absolute assurance .- objective in view, an objectively valid justification for da. subjective view, is not subject esnadakoa Believes dare consider."

Conviction

Conviction: The subject is absolutely sure that something is true. The justification for conviction may not be acceptable to others if the certainty stems from faith alone.

Original text preserved: "Conviction: subject, there is absolutely sure what to think is true, but the justification would not be accepted if all that is known through faith."

Knowledge

Knowledge: An opinion based on both subjective and objective grounds, supported by adequate justification and evidence.

Original text preserved: "Knowledge: diituen opinion is based on subjective and objective."

7) Interests That Motivate Knowledge

Interest in knowledge: Knowledge is often motivated by particular interests. Two main types of human reasoning interests are:

• Theoretical interest: The pursuit of logical or conceptual perfection; knowledge for understanding.
• Practical interest: Knowledge aimed at action — what we must do to act rightly and thereby achieve intended ends.

Different emphases within interests:

• Technical interest in science: A basis in empirical-analytical methods.
• Practical interest: Communication and mutual understanding among beings to achieve practical ends.
• Emancipatory interest: A critical social-science interest that aims at liberation and critique of domination.

Original text preserved: "Knowledge is caused by any particular interest. 2 human reasoning agents of interest: a theoretical knowledge of the purpose of logical perfection. Practice: what do we have to play straight and then we will know what the loyalty. Interested to know about the theory: the technical interest in science is the basis of empirical-analytical. Practical interest: communication between beings that are able to communicate and understand each other to achieve. Emancipatory interest: a critical social science leads."

8) Epistemic Positions

Various positions on what it means to know:

Dogmatism

Dogmatism: The assertion that certain knowledge is possible and that people can be certain; an attitude that proclaims secure knowledge. (Original phrasing: sineskortasuna adierasten.)

Skepticism

Skepticism (eszeptisismoa): The view that it is impossible to acquire fully reliable knowledge because there is never enough evidence to take something as certainly true.

Subjectivism

Subjectivism (subjektibismoa): The belief that truths are not universally valid and that knowledge depends on individual belief or perspective.

Pragmatism

Pragmatism: Truth is that which works and is useful — beliefs validated by practical consequences.

Criticalism

Criticism (kritizismoa): An attitude situated between dogmatism and skepticism; a critical stance that questions claims while seeking justified knowledge.

Perspectivism

Perspectivism (persektibismoa): The idea that we can know reality, but only through a combination of different perspectives and approaches.

Original text preserved: "Dogmatism: they sure know sineskortasuna adierasten the people. eszeptisismoa: it is impossible to acquire reliable knowledge, because there is never enough evidence to take something egiazkotzat. subjektibismoa: truths are universally valid to believe that there is no chance. pragmatism: a true and useful for the matches. kritizismoa: dogmatizismoaren and eszeptisismoaren It is the attitude. persektibismoa: You can know the reality, but as long as the combination of different approaches."

9) Models of Knowledge

Realism

Realism: Reality exists independently of the subject; knowledge attempts to grasp the objective aspect of the world. According to realism, we can discover things as they are. Aristotle is a prominent representative of this approach.

Idealism

Idealism: There is no reality independent of the subject; reality is dependent on the mind. The only sure thing may be the existence of the thinking subject ("I think, therefore I am"). Knowledge and ideas are mental representations rather than independent things.

Original text preserved: "reality: the reality of the existence of its own, with nothing to do with the subject. Knowledge is the objective aspect of the subject than garrantsitsuagoa. According to realism, to discover things like that can, like that. Aristotle is the most popular. Idealism: there is no known errealitaterik reality outside the subject. It is without doubt the existence of only one I know or think you are the only sure thing is that I am. To process the importance of the subject, knowledge and ideas are not things we think, but the mental image."

10) Criteria for Truth

Criteria often used to distinguish between true and false claims and to establish the reliability or value of a claim:

• Authority: A statement is taken as true because it is asserted by a person or institution trusted on the matter. (egiazkotzat in original text)
• Tradition: A claim is accepted as true because it has been accepted over time.
• Correspondence: The correspondence between thought and reality — what we think is true if it matches empirical reality when verified.
• Logical consistency: A mathematical or logical criterion: the explanation system must not contain contradictions.
• Utility: A claim may be judged true if it is useful and beneficial in practice.
• Evidence: The key criterion: empirical evidence and reasoned argument establish a claim as warranted. What is immediately obvious may seem intuitive, but often explanation and reasoning are required.

Original text preserved: "Authority: egiazkotzat a statement is taken, on a particular issue a lot of confidence in our knowledge of the person dioelako. tradition: egiazkotzat is taken over time has been taken egiazkotzat. correspondence between thought and reality: what we think is true, and if it is an empirical reality egiaztatzerakoan. Logical consistency: a logical criterion mathematical. explanation of the system is not the same konttraesanik. User: If an explanation is true and if it is a useful and beneficial for us. Evidence: the key criterion. eztabaidaezintzat immediately obvious what we have received, in egiazkotzat is intuitive, but often had to explain the reasoning."